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Bio lab 103 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

heart

A

the pump in the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

blood vessels

A

a network of pipes in the cardiovascular system

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3
Q

pericardium

A

a double-layered protective sac the surrounds the heart

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4
Q

arteries

A

a basic type of blood vessel that carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

veins

A

a basic type of blood vessel that carries the blood towards the heart

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6
Q

capillaries

A

basic type of blood vessels, between arteries and veins, the smallest type of blood vessel

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7
Q

arterioles

A

arteries that have branched into smaller vessels

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8
Q

capillary beds

A

get blood delivered by arterioles, composed of a network of the smallest blood vessel (capillaries) and are the site of substance exchange between he blood and interstitial fluid

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9
Q

venules

A

blod drains from the capillary beds into the smalls veins

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10
Q

right atrium

A

on the left side of the picture, top chamber

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11
Q

right ventricle

A

the v-shaped chamber on the bottom left side of the picture

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12
Q

left atrium

A

the chamber on the top on the right side of the picture

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13
Q

left ventricle

A

the v-shaped chamber on the bottom right side of the picture…more muscular side of the heart (more muscular ventricle)

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14
Q

cusps

A

strong fibrous tissue flaps that form the four valves inside the heart

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15
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

located between an atrium and ventricle (bicuspid/mitral on the left side of the heart/right side of picture and tricuspid on the right side of the heart and the left side of the picture)

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16
Q

semilunar valves

A

(the pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) (the aortic valve between the eft ventricle and the aortic arch) located between a ventricle and a great vessel

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17
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the left side of the heart

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18
Q

systemic circuit

A

the left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the organs, tissues, cells of the body and then back to the right side of the heart

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19
Q

heart murmur

A

occurs when a valve doesn’t completely close, allowing a small amount of blood to return to the previous area

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20
Q

diastole

A

a relaxation phase during which the heart chambers fill with blood

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21
Q

systole

A

a contraction phase during which the heart ejects blood

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22
Q

pulse

A

as the surge of blood that has been ejected front he heart moves through the blood vessels, it can be palpated in the arteries that are reasonably close to the surface of the body

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23
Q

blood pressure

A

the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels

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24
Q

systolic pressure

A

the higher number, produced as ventricles contract to eject a fresh bolus of blood into the major arteries

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25
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the lower number, the blood pressure when ventricle relax

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26
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

a blood pressure cuff machine, measures (mm Hg)

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27
Q

coronary

A

“heart” related

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28
Q

flow of blood

A

from body to vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aortic arch, aorta, body [pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from heart, pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart]

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29
Q

Algae

A

a generic term to describe a number of different plant-like protists

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30
Q

characteristics that algal group characteristics have been based on

A

pigments, cell wall, chemistry, food storage compounds, and presence or absence of flagella

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31
Q

hold fast

A

the root-like structure of brown and red algae, only function if to hold the organism in place

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32
Q

stipe

A

the stem-like structure of brown and red algae that only supports the organism

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33
Q

blades

A

the leaf-like structures of red and brown algae

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34
Q

bacteria

A

a domain, contains the subgroup cyanobacteria (a prokaryotic organism)

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35
Q

filamentous

A

thread-like form

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36
Q

heterotrophic

A

feeding on organic matter that originated from other organisms

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37
Q

Fungi

A

an entire kingdom, related most closely to animals, evolved separately from plants

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38
Q

decomposers

A

feeds on organic matter

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39
Q

parasitic

A

feeding on living organic matter

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40
Q

saprobic

A

feeding on dead organic matter

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41
Q

hypha

A

a tubular, threadlike filament of a fungus

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42
Q

mycelium

A

a mass of hyphae

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43
Q

fruiting body

A

reproductive structure which bears sexually produced spores (a large fruiting bod = basidiocarp)

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44
Q

asexually reproduction

A

produces haploid spores through mitotic divisions at the tips of erect hyphae

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45
Q

sexual reproduction

A

usually results in the production of a larger fruiting body (basidiocarp), which bears club-shaped cells

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46
Q

basidia

A

the club shaped cells found from the basidiocarp

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47
Q

basidiospores

A

the sexually produced spores on the surface of the basidia

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48
Q

asci

A

sacs in which sexually produced spores are found in the fruiting body

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49
Q

ascospores

A

haploid spores from meiosis occurring in the ascus

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50
Q

alternation of generations

A

produce haploid spore instead of gametes as a result of meiosis

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51
Q

gametophyte

A

divided haploid spores from mitosis to produce a multicellular haploid form

52
Q

sporophyte

A

alternates with the gametophyte in the life cycle, a multicellular diploid form

53
Q

kingdom plantae

A

plants

54
Q

Bryophyta

A

the mosses, gametophyte is the dominant form in the life cycle

55
Q

hepatophyta

A

liverworts, a type of bryophytes

56
Q

anthocerophyta

A

hornworts, a type of bryophytes

57
Q

nonvascular plants

A

lack of xylem and phloem for support and conduction prevents them from developing greater size

58
Q

gametangia

A

produced in the tip of the gametophyte, structures that produce gametes

59
Q

antheridium

A

a male gametangia

60
Q

archegonium

A

a female gametangia

61
Q

egge cell

A

in the light region of the archegonium

62
Q

neck

A

the long and slender portion of the archegonium above the neck, may not be intact

63
Q

embryo

A

a young sporophtye

64
Q

air spores

A

looks like dots on the surface of the thallus, functions in gas exchange but there is no regulation for opening and closing

65
Q

Gemmae cups

A

small basket-like structures that function in asexual reproduction

66
Q

gemmae

A

in the center of the gemmae cups as disk-shaped structures, these are a vegetative mass of cells that are the precursors of new gametophytes

67
Q

antheridiophores

A

structures that bear the male antheridia, resemble small umbrellas, composed of a small disk-shaped structure on the end of the stalk

68
Q

archegoniopgores

A

structure that bear the female archegonia, they resemble tiny palm trees, with the archegonia hanging down off the pendulous finger-like projections

69
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

ferns and lycophytes, sporophytes are the dominant form in the life cycle of ferns

70
Q

fronds

A

the leaves on a fern, appear to originate from the clump at the surface of the soil , also called sporophylls

71
Q

sori

A

tiny round bumps or cluster of sporangia

72
Q

annulus

A

each band is composed of cells with thickened walls on three sides, a ring of cells around each sporangium is responsible for the release of spores

73
Q

rhizoids

A

present on the underside of the gametophyte and can be differentiated as slender filaments

74
Q

antheridia

A

near the edges of the gametophyte

75
Q

archegonia

A

they appear as a vase-shaped structure near the notch of the gametophyte

76
Q

sporopphylls

A

sporangia are produced on this, which may occur scattered along the stems or clustered

77
Q

strobili

A

structure at the tips of the shoots which contain sporophylls (mosses)

78
Q

heterospory

A

two types of spores

79
Q

homospory

A

one type of spore

80
Q

microspores

A

the precursors of the male gametophytes

81
Q

megaspores

A

are the precursors of the female gametophytes

82
Q

heterosporous

A

all seed plants, produce male and female spore

83
Q

microspores

A

male spores

84
Q

megaspores

A

female spores

85
Q

seeds

A

a specialized structure that contains a young sporophyte plant and food material

86
Q

naked seeds

A

gymnosperms, seeds that aren’t enclosed in a fruit

87
Q

cynads

A

phylum cycadophyta

88
Q

ginko

A

phylum ginkophyta

89
Q

ephedra, gnetum, welwitschia

A

phylum gnetophyta

90
Q

conifers

A

phylum conifera

91
Q

male staminate cone

A

a type of strobili, composed of microsporophylls

92
Q

female ovulate cone

A

type of strobili, contains modified megasporophylls

93
Q

microsporangium

A

male, on the microsporophyll, contains microspores

94
Q

megasporangium

A

female, on the megasporophyll, contains megaspores

95
Q

pollen grain

A

the male gametophyte, dispersed by the wind (gymnosperm)

96
Q

monoecious

A

both male and female cones can be found on the same tree (pine tree)

97
Q

wings

A

inflated portions of the outer microspore wall

98
Q

ovuliferous scales

A

woody scale on female cone, each represents a reduced cone

99
Q

compound cone

A

the female cone

100
Q

simple cone

A

the male cone

101
Q

bracts

A

subtends each scale [antennae looking thing]

102
Q

ovule

A

oval bulge located near the point of attachment to the axis

103
Q

integument

A

special sheath of tissue that surrounds the ovule that is the megasporangium

104
Q

megaspore mother cell

A

inside each megasporangium, precursor of the megaspore

105
Q

micropyle

A

an opening in the integument at the end of the ovule nearest the cone axis

106
Q

megaspores

A

haploid (4), three abort and leaves one functional megaspore per ovule

107
Q

dioecious

A

produce male and female cones on separate individuals

108
Q

fruit

A

“vessel-seed”-“angiosperms”,

109
Q

flower

A

the characteristic reproductive structure of an angiosperm

110
Q

pedicel

A

the stalk of the flower

111
Q

receptacle

A

the swollen shoot tip at the end of the pedicel

112
Q

stamen

A

contains the anther and the filament, a modified microsporophyll

113
Q

carpel

A

sometimes called a pistil, has the stigma, style, and ovary

114
Q

stigma

A

serves as the pollen reception surface

115
Q

ovary

A

the swollen base that contains ovules

116
Q

complete vs incomplete flower

A

complete=all four types of modified leaves (all four whorls), incomplete is missing some

117
Q

anther

A

microsporangium

118
Q

perfect or imperfect

A

perfect=has both stamens or carpels, imperfect=lacks either stamen or carpels (unisexual)

119
Q

pollinators

A

bees (blue/yellow flowers (not red)), beetles (stinky, sunflowers), butterflies and birds (bright in color), bats and moths (light in color, small), flies (smelly)

120
Q

double fertilization

A

angiosperms differ from other plants in that they exhibit a special type of syngamy

121
Q

pollen sacs

A

cavities within the anther

122
Q

microspore mother cells

A

inside each pollen sac, have undergone meiosis to form haploid microspores

123
Q

pollen grain

A

consists of a tube cell and a lens-shaped generative cell (which floats in the tube cell); the generative cell divides to mitosis to form 2 sperm cells

124
Q

locules

A

cavities in the ovary, each contains ovules

125
Q

ovules

A

each contain megasporangium surrounded by integuments

126
Q

micropylar

A

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