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bio final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does evolution allow us to understand

A
  1. fossils and geologists
  2. species change
  3. exponential pop growth
  4. mech. change over time (natural selection)
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2
Q

mechanisms of evolution (pops can’t evolve without these)

A

natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, mutation, genetic drift

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3
Q

evolution in ____ occurs over time (change in alleles)

A

populations

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3
Q

Natural selection occurs in ____ over time

A

individuals

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4
Q

individuals ability to survive/reproduce (# of offspring produced)

A

fitness

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5
Q

what three conditions lead to natural selection

A
  1. variation
  2. heredibility
  3. differential survival
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6
Q

definition of evolution

A

change in frequency of allele / change in a pops genetic structure through time.

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7
Q

T/F dominant traits appear more frequently in a pop.

A

True

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8
Q

T/F parents don’t transmit traits directly to their offspring

A

True

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9
Q

tendency for traits to be passed from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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10
Q

physical traits (white/purple) how genotypes are expressed in an organism (manifestation in a genotype)

A

phenotypes

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11
Q

genetic makeup of an individual (organisms alleles)

A

genotypes

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12
Q

(AA, Aa)

A

dominant trait

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13
Q

(aa)

A

recessive trait

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14
Q

same alleles (BB, bb) true-breeding

A

homozygous

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15
Q

diff alleles (Bb) hybrid

A

heterozygous

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16
Q

many genes, continuous variation

A

polygenic phenotypes

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17
Q

many genes/alleles (ex: human height)

A

continuous variation

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18
Q

“x-linkage”

A

sex linked alleles

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19
Q

1 copy of gene/chromosome segment (half)

A

hemizygous

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20
Q

genes on the same chromosome travel together in meiosis

A

linked genes

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21
Q

aritmic rate occurs…

A

exponentially

22
Q

biogeography

A

study of the geographic distribution of life forms on earth

23
Q

organism that has 2 versions of a gene, allele, specific trait (Aa),

A

heterozygotes

24
Q

multiple alleles (neither recessive nor dominant) (ex: blood type AB)

A

co-dominant

25
Q

___ affects fitness of a single individual in a pop depending on their traits, differing fitnesses causes frequencies of genes in the pops. to change (evolution)

A

natural selection

26
Q

contributions of meiosis

A
  1. crossing-over between homologous chrom.
  2. independent assort. of homologous chrom.
  3. fertilization - bringing genes from 2 parents together
27
Q

T/F natural does not create new traits

A

True!! it edits/selects traits already present in a pop.

28
Q

T/F local environment determines which traits will be selected for/against in any specific pop.

A

True (ex: evolutionn by natural selection: areas w/ high mutant allele in resistance to HIV)

29
Q

more offspring produced than an environment can support (individuals experience struggle to survive)

A

carrying cap

30
Q

still in existence, not destroyed/lost

A

extant

31
Q

organisms have heritable variation:

A

characteristics:
functional, physical, behavioral

31
Q

single species/small group of species rapidly diversify into many new species&raquo_space; can be based on: morphology, niche, geography

A

adaptive radiation

32
Q

heritable trait trait that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking the trait

A

adaptation

33
Q

organisms whom are not closely related independently evolve similar traits/behaviors

A

convergent evolution

34
Q

total # of alleles of a gene that occur in a pop (all members of single species have the same genes)

A

gene pool

35
Q

gradual change in the gene pool of a pop over time

A

organic evolution

36
Q

spontaneous changes in DNA:
-creates new alleles
-ultimate source of genetic variation
-mutations do not occur bc of selection pressure
-mutations alone can only cause evolution to happen very slowly
-other mechanisms are needed to act on new alleles

A

mutation

37
Q

types of mutations (3 types)

A

neutral mutations- changes accumulate at rate created
unfavorable mutations- eliminated through pop quickly (selected against)
favorable mutations- changes are quickly fixed

38
Q

brings new alleles into the pop
-important source for genetic variation
-can happen through migration

A

gene flow

39
Q

individuals select mates based on easily-observable phenotypes

A

non-random mating

40
Q

non-random mating can either be:

A

positive or negative assortive mating

41
Q

individual mate w/others who are like themselves phenotypically for selected traits

A

positive assertive mating

42
Q

individuals only select mates who are phenotypically diff from themselves for selective traits

A

negative assertive mating

43
Q

what does limited gene flow mean?

A

birds rarely move between mainland islands

44
Q

large changes over a long time scale

A

macroevolution

45
Q

small changes over short periods of time within a pop

A

microevolution

46
Q

consanguineous mating (inbreeding) is…

A

-mating w/ close relatives
-offspring&raquo_space; many alleles in common
-significantly less genetic diversity
(ex: species who can self fertilize)

47
Q

directional selection

A

favors individuals at end of phenotypic range

48
Q

disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic ratio

49
Q

stabiling selection

A

favors intermediate individuals and acts against extreme phenotypes

50
Q

a significant reduction in the size of a population that can occur due to environmental or human-caused events

A

population bottleneck

51
Q
A
52
Q
A

biology (4 decks)

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