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bio exam #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

testable statement to a possible explanation

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2
Q

what is a theory

A

explanation based on evidence

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3
Q

what is a controlled experiment

A

scientific study in which a variable is manipulated or changed (independent variable)

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4
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

(variable being tested and measured in the experiment) depends on changes from the independent variable

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5
Q

what is the independent variable

A

variable being manipulated or changed in the experiment to observe the affect on the dependent variable

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6
Q

does science have fundamental limitations

A

yes! science doesn’t tell us what color a bomb is it just tells us how to build it (like instruction book)

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7
Q

hypothesis or theory: if I put more soil on my plants they will grow more

A

hypothesis

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8
Q

evolution is fact or no fact? why?

A

fact! due to natural selection

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9
Q

evolution

A

change in a population/species over time

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10
Q

can hypothesis and theories be changed

A

yes! they can be modified and proven wrong

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11
Q

what is natural selection

A

survival and reproductive success to adapt to the environment, helps lead to best characteristics suited for that environment

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12
Q

can you choose a mutation

A

no it just happens, have to adapt to survive

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13
Q

fitness

A

individuals who are better adapted to environments have higher reproductive success

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14
Q

what is sexual selection

A

form of natural selection through preference by one sex for a particular characteristics in individuals of the other sex (traits increase attracting a mate)

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15
Q

what does sexual selection lead to

A

non-random mating

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16
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

differences between sexes (men have larger necks than women

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17
Q

which of the following are variables:
a)body length in a fish
b)sex in honey bees
c)the mass of an electron

A

a) the body length in a fish

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18
Q

matched variable

A

multiple environmental variables (time of year, temp, etc)

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19
Q

independent variable

A

variable being tested (ex: tail length being tested: normal, long, short)

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20
Q

dependent variable

A

variable being measured

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21
Q

what is a scientific fact

A

an objective and verifiable observation

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22
Q

what is genetic drift

A

the change in genetic makeup of a population due to random events

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23
Q

what can evolution be caused by

A

1)genetic mutations
2)natural selection
3)non-random mating
4)drift
5)migrations

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24
Q

is natural selection the only mechanism driving evolution

A

no, not the only one but is important

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25
Q

migration/gene flow

A

individuals move from one population to another & take new genes with them altering the new population

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26
Q

what is a biome

A

defined by their predominant vegetation

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27
Q

alaska is an example of what biome

A

tundra

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28
Q

boreal forest/tiaga forest

A

forest with lake (canada)

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29
Q

chicago is an example of what biome

A

deciduous

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30
Q

colorado is an example of what biome

A

grassland/prarrie

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31
Q

arizona is an example of what biome

A

desert

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32
Q

brazil is an example of what biome

A

tropical rainforest

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33
Q

what factor is the most influential to terrestrial biomes

A

precipitation & temp

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34
Q

what can determine if it’s grassland or forest

A

soil (nutrients), sunlight, wind (evaporation), disturbances (tornado, flood..)

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35
Q

ex: bluff has a forest are and area with grass

A

different biomes on same bluff (in winter grassland has rabies, etc. because snow is able to fall down it.

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36
Q

why do we have seasons

A

earths tilt; can influence biomes

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37
Q

what conditions affect temp and rainfall

A

-latitude
-altitude
-mountains
-oceans

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38
Q

why are seasons more pronounced at higher altitudes

A

the tilt of the earths axis

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39
Q

what determines the global position of desert biomes?

A

climate (mountain ranges, ocean currents, atmospheric patterns)

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40
Q

what is a hadley cell

A

light energy hits water forming clouds, air above clouds is dense, can’t fall on equator bc cloudy (hence why deserts are in the middle of the earth)

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41
Q

what is the main factor dictating earths temp distribution

A

the amount of sunlight per unit area

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42
Q

what are the aquatic ecosystem zones

A

photic-receives light
aphonic-does’t receive light
benthic- bottom of lake/ocean/river

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43
Q

Intertidal zone

A

alternates between dry and wet

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44
Q

benthic zone

A

organisms living on ocean bottom

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45
Q

estuary

A

where river meets ocean

46
Q

thermoclines & lake turnover

A

winter: top-colder (frozen) bottom: warmer (fish swim)
summer: top-hotter (sunlight) bottom: colder (less light)

47
Q

difference between marsh, swamps, bogs

A

marsh: non-woody plants
swamps: trees & shrubs
bogs: stagnant & acidic

48
Q

bottom of a lake is called

A

benthic zone

49
Q

a lake turning over in the spring and fall is important for

A

carrying sediments and nutrients up from the benthic zone

50
Q

a lake with low levels of nutrients is called

A

oligotrophic

51
Q

what is population ecology

A

study of how/why the # of individuals in a population changes over time (projects&predicts)

52
Q

how do you estimate population side in a natural system

A

“mark and recapture”
capture & tag random sample individuals (s) in a pop.
capture a second sample of individuals (n) and note how many are marked (x)
population size (N) is estimated

53
Q

model used to collect population size: N=sn/x

A

x=(marked recaptures)
n=(total in second sample)
s=(marked initially)
N=(total pop. size)

54
Q

models that predict change in pop. size

A

exponential model (J-curve)
logistic model (S-curve)

55
Q

what four demographic factors determine pop. number (size)

A

-births
-deaths
-immigration (migration in)
-emigration (migration out)

56
Q

why do ecologists determine pop. size

A

to predict future size of pop. at various initial conditions as possible

57
Q

exponential model makes several assumptions:

A

-pop. is closed w/o immigration/emigration
-pop. is small
-no competition (resources are unlimited)
-conditions do not change

58
Q

how to find pop. in next generation

A

change in pop. size = births - deaths
a pop. will grow when B>D
a pop. will shrink when B<D

59
Q

how to find pop. growth rate

A

r= birth rate (b) - death rate (d)
if b > d, then r is positive
if b < d then r is negative

60
Q

per-capita rate of increase (r) is influenced by:

A
  1. age of first repro.
  2. frequency of repro.
  3. fecundity: the avg. # of offspring
  4. length of reproductive life span
  5. survival of young
61
Q

Low mortality in young

A

produce fewer young and care for them until adulthood

62
Q

high mortality in young

A

produce many young which must fend for themselves

63
Q

intermediate

A

less common, some invertebrates and rodents

64
Q

what is fecundity

A

the # of female offspring produced by each female in a population

65
Q

what is age-specific fecundity

A

the avg. # of female offspring by a female in age class x

66
Q

environmental factors that restrict population growth

A

-availability of food and resources
-competition within species
-interactions between species

67
Q

in an S curve early growth is rapid when

A

at the beginning of the curve

68
Q

in an S curve when does growth begin to slow

A

the middle of the curve

69
Q

in an S curve when does later growth fall to 0

A

at the top of the curve

70
Q

what are some limiting factors affecting pop. size

A

weather, human activities (pollution, pesticides, habitat destruction), predator and prey pop.

71
Q

population growth rate beings slowing where

A

middle of the S curve

72
Q

what does a negative pop. growth rate tell you abt. the dynamics of the pop.

A

the pop. size is decreasing instead of increasing

73
Q

A community is defined by its

A

biodiversity, prevalent forms of vegetation (temp, rainfall, nutrients), stability (resistance or resilience), trophic structure (movement of energy)

74
Q

host-specific

A

need to find right host or they can’t reproduce

75
Q

biological communities

A

populations of different species living together and interacting in a particular area

76
Q

”+” “-“ “0”

A

+ beneficial to one of the organisms
- detrimental to one of the organisms
0 neutral to one of the organisms

77
Q

parasitism

A

(+/-)

78
Q

mutualism

A

(+,+)

79
Q

commensalism

A

(-,-)

80
Q

symbiosis “living together”

A

parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

81
Q

ecological niche

A

the role a species plays in the community

82
Q

what is the difference between a fundamental niche & realized niche

A

fundamental niche- all conditions under which all organisms can live
realized niche- set of conditions under which it exists in nature

83
Q

competitive exclusion

A

if one species is better adapted to an environment than a competing species, eventually the first species will drive the second species out of that environment

84
Q

Interspecific competition

A

if members of different species require the same resource (limited resource) (ex: food, pollinators, light, shelter…)
natural selection favors individuals that do not compete

85
Q

ways to decrease competition

A

resource partitioning (feeding at different times, or feeding off different habitats)

86
Q

examples of competition

A

fast vs slow repro.
natural predators vs no natural pred.
host required vs no host required

86
Q

what can control the spread of a overpopulated species

A

competition, predation, parasites/diseases

87
Q

role of predators in community

A

prey on young & old animals

88
Q

population with a keystone predator vs without

A

results in diverse adaptations in predator and prey

89
Q

predation

A

form of consumption (individual consumes another)

90
Q

coevolution

A

when predators evolve to catch they prey they’ve caught, and prey evolve to avoid getting caught

91
Q

preditor vs prey adaptations

A

prey- camouflage, deceptive coloring, mimicry
predator- sight, smell, stronger jaws (evolution)

92
Q

potential vs kinetic energy

A

potential= stored energy (chemical)
kinetic=energy of motion (movement, light, heat)

93
Q

trophic levels

A

feeding levels based on organisms role in the flow of energy through communities

94
Q

producers and consumers in tropic levels

A

producers- convert kinetic energy (solar) into potential energy (chemical)
consumers-convert potential energy back into kinetic energy movement & heat

95
Q

autotroph

A

(auto = self , troph = feeder

96
Q

heterotroph

A

hetero = other , troph = feeder

97
Q

primary, secondary, tertiary consumers

A

primary consumers (herbivores) feed exclusively on producers
secondary consumers (carnivores) eat the flesh of other animals
tertiary consumers eat other carnivores

98
Q

trophic levels within a food chain

A

primary producer-plant (flower)
primary consumer-herbivore (cricket)
secondary-carnivore (rat)
tertiary- carnivore (snake)
quaternary- carnivore (eagle)

99
Q

decomposer/detritivore food web

A

bacteria and fungi digest food outside of the body and release nutrients into soil and water

100
Q

detritus feeders

A

live off waste and dead remains of other organisms (worms)

101
Q

what percentage of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next

A

10% energy will lower through each consumer > lowest will be top of pyramid (can NEVER be 100%) some goes to decomposer food web, some lost as heat, others support growth, so 10% is left for consumer food web

102
Q

how much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next

A

(chart going down) take primary consumers total and divide it by the primary producer (work backwards) ex: 3,368/20,810=0.1618.. so 16%

103
Q

benefits of biodiversity to humans

A

food, drugs & medicine, cultural & ecological benefits,

104
Q

what is biomagnification

A

toxins will rise as you get to top predator because the concentration of toxins in an organism are more widely disbursed

105
Q

a population is more likely to evolve by genetic drift when..

A

the population is small

106
Q

what is genetic drift

A

a mechanism of evolution that can lead to traits disappearing from a population or becoming very common (evolution of a species)

107
Q

when looking at age pyramids what can we not determine

A

the success of future generations

108
Q
A
109
Q
A
110
Q
A
111
Q
A

biology (3 decks)

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