bio exam #2 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
why are sugars able to dissolve in water?
A
sugars are polar molecules which can dissolve in water because water is polar
2
Q
amino acids are held together by what type of bond?
A
peptide bond
3
Q
types of structures
A
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
4
Q
if you want to take a chain of amino acids and split them up into individual subunits what type of reaction must occur?
A
hydrolysis reaction (h20 breaks molecules)
5
Q
can sugars form hydrogen bonds with water?
A
yes
6
Q
a digestible carbohydrate in your diet could come from what?
A
starch and sucrose
7
Q
sugars are soluble in water because..
A
they are polar molecules
8
Q
the main structural component of a biological membrane is…
A
a phospholipid
9
Q
a membrane is ______ on its surface and ______ in its center.
A
polar, non-polar
10
Q
the proper shape of a protein is
A
-determined by the sequence of its amino acids
-called its conformation
-required fir the protein to function
-held together by bonding interactions between the amino acid side chains
11
Q
amino acid side chains in the interior of cytoplasmic protein will typically be..
A
non-polar
12
Q
the fatty acid tails on the phospholipid are..
A
non-polar
13
Q
what type of amino acids would you expect to find the outside of the membrane protein
A
non-polar
14
Q
Na+ is a charged ion. what types of amino acids would you expect to find lining the channel it passes through
A
polar uncharged and polar charged
15
Q
at low tide the scuds and plants are in the hypotonic solution. water will..
A
leave their cells by facilitated diffusion
16
Q
the plant can adapt to a hypotonic solution because its cell wall
A
prevents the cell membrane from swelling until it bursts
17
Q
what does active transport require
A
energy (ATP)
membrane protein
18
Q
how do you get ATP to run active transport
A
undergo hydrolysis
19
Q
how can a protein channel be regulated
A
binding of a ligand, voltage change, mechanical stress, endocytosis of cannel
20
Q
what is true about carrier proteins
A
all are passive
21
Q
the nucleus stores
A
DNA
22
Q
proteins are made by which organelles
A
ribosomes on rough ER
23
Q
which organelles makes protein
A
ribosomes
24
Q
what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A
Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles & no nucleus.
Eukaryotes have nucleus containing genetic material and numerous membrane bound organelles.
25
what is the function of the golgi apparatus/body
Modifies, packages, and secrets proteins
for use in and out of the cell
26
how do you know if endocytosis has occurred in the chloroplasts
they have ribosomes, circular DNA, and a double outer membrane.
27
what has cristae, double membrane, and has DNA and ribosomes
mitochondria
28
Chloroplast is the site for what process?
photosynthesis
29
what contributes to enzyme activity
enzyme concentration, substraight concentration, temperature, and pH
30
Exergonic reactions ____ energy and Endergonic reactions _____ energy
Release, Require
31
what converts energy from the sun to sugar (Captures sunlight and uses it to produce organic molecules through photosynthesis) IN PLANTS ONLY
chloroplasts
32
what functions do the ribosomes carry out?
protein making
33
functions of cytoskeleton
supports the shape of the cell, anchors organelle, used in vesicle transport
34
animals have all but this organelle
chloroplasts (and cell wall)
35
T/F Plant cells have a cellulose cell and wall and can contain chloroplasts
True
36
What do Eukaryotic cells contain
Nucleus and numerous organelles
37
Rough ER
membrane and secreted proteins
38
Smooth ER
lipid synthesis
39
Golgi apparatus
protein modification and sorting
40
In the cytoplasm they read RNA instructions and synthesize proteins
Ribosomes
41
Chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis (green, light-absorbing pigment)
stroma- fluid around stacks
42
what organelles digests older cell parts, food or other objects (recycling center)
lysosomes
43
cytoskeleton
interior framework
44
when does a neuron fire
Na+ ions move down their concentration gradient spontaneously
45
a neuron recharges when
Na+ ions are actively pumped against their concentration gradient
46
how long can an axon be
1m or more
47
how does a transport vesicle move from the cell body to the nerve terminal
along the cytoskeleton using motor proteins
48
toxins released by black widow spider venom cause explosive release of acetylcholine from neurons. these toxins cause paralysis by:
triggering increased exocytosis of the transport vesicles containing acetylcholine
49
toxins produced by clostridium botulinum block the release of acetylcholine from neurons. these toxins work by:
inhibiting exocytosis of the transport vesicles containing acetylcholine.
50
Hydrocarbons
Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
51
Functional groups:
Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone.
They are the component of organic molecules that is most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
Example= Hydroxyl group
52
Dehydration synthesis reaction:
removes the components of a water molecule and joins
subunits into a larger molecule with covalent bonds
53
Monosaccharides:
One carbon chain and are the basic building blocks for all other carbohydrates
54
Hydrolysis:
adds the components of a water molecule as covalent bonds are broken, splitting a
molecule into two or more smaller subunits
55
Disaccharides:
2 carbon chain
56
Polysaccharides
more than 2 carbon chains. Its functions are structural support and long term
energy storage
57
Amphipathic
Has a polar part and a non-polar part.
Example: phospholipids
58
Phospholipid
The main structural component of a biological membrane
59
Amino acids are joined together by this type of bond
Peptide bonds
60
Non-polar covalent bond
a chemical bond where 2 atoms share electrons equally
61
Polar covalent bond
a chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally
62
Nucleic acids
composed of nucleotides. Example: ATP and DNA
63
Nucleotides
consists of 3 things; a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
64
Diffusion of water through a membrane down its concentration gradient-toward high
solute concentration
Osmosis
65
Plasmolysis
Cells lose water in a hypertonic solution and shrink. The plasma membrane pulls
away from the cell wall, turgor pressure is lost and plant wilts
66
Active transporters:
use en energy source to force molecules against their concentration gradient
67
Aquaporin:
channel protein for water
68
Ligand-gated ion channels:
Open in response to the presence of a particular small chemical/
ligand
69
Voltage-gated ion channels:
can be opened or closed by a voltage change along the
membrane
70
Carrier protein
must bind the solute to be able to open and get it across the membrane
71
can move really large molecules out of the cells by the vesicle joining with the
plasma membrane
Exocytosis
72
Endocytosis
Moving large particles from outside the cell to inside the cell
73
Prokaryotes
pro-(pre) kary-(nucleus)
have no membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm and their DNA is not in a
nucleus (rather in the nucleoid), has ribosomes. Example: Bacteria and Archaea
74
Rigid, tough, made of cellulose Protects and supports the cell (in plant)
cell wall
75
Protects the cell, performs active and passive transport, moves materials in and out of the cell, communication
cell membrane or plasma membrane
76
Fluid between membrane and nucleus Contains organelles, molecules, enzymes, etc
cytoplasm
77
Double membrane surrounding nucleus
Regulates exchange of material through
nuclear pores
nuclear membrane
78
Storage tank for food, water, wastes or enzymes
vacuole
79
Supplies ATP for the cell through cell respiration
mitochondria
80
Found in cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum; Makes proteins
Ribosome
81
Functions in protein synthesis, modification, folding, and transport
Endoplasmic Reticulum
82
Found in the nucleus, made of DNA and protein, contains genes Provides instructions for the cells’ activities, (growth, reproduction)
Chromatin
83
Small dark area in the nucleus
Produces ribosomal RNA, assembles ribosomal subunits
Nucleolus
84
what does denatured mean?
lost it's natural folded structure (shape) due to: pH change, heat, chemicals etc. >> becomes non-functional
85
difference between active and passive site?
active- requires energy, low > high (against) concentration gradient, unidirectional
passive- doesn't require energy, high > low (along) concentration gradient
86
what is a neutral pH, which way is acidic/basic
7 is neutral
left- acidic (high H+), right- basic (low H+)
87
what is pH
potential of hydrogen
88
what are the four types of structures?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
89
amino acids are held together by what
peptide bond
90
if you take a chain of amino acids and split them up into individual subunits, what type of reaction must occur?
hydrolysis reaction (H2O breaks)
91
can glucose get through a phospholipid bilayer?
NO
92
why can sugar dissolve in water?
sugars are polar which can dissolve in water because water is polar
93
what are 3 things found in ATP?
adenine, deoxyribose, phosphate groups
94
what process moves large molecules out of the cell
exocytosis
95
which of the following would qualify as a macromolecule?
Protein, DNA, RNA, Cellulose
ALL OF THE ABOVE
96
which is not an example of a carbohydrate
glucose, sucrose, glycine, cellulose, glycogen
glycine, bc it doesn't end in -ose
97
what is the basic building block of a protein
amino acids
98
hereditary material that carries genetic code
DNA
99
"roadways" for moving materials through the cell
cytoskeleton
100
detoxifies drugs and poisons
smooth ER
101
102
an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, what is the atomic #
11 bc the atomic # is just protons
103
sharing a pair of electrons is an example of what
a covalent bond
104
if an atom gains an electron it forms a
negatively charged ion
105
an ionic bond occurs when one atom..
transfers an electron to another atom
106
water is polar because..
it is formed by polar covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
107
which solutes would diffuse across a membrane
H2O, O2, CO2
108
what does a plant cell lose in a hypertonic environment
H2O
109
what does a plant cell have that prevents it from bursting
Cell Wall
110
What channel: opens in response to the presence of a particular small chemical or neurotransmitter
ligand-gated channel
111
3 forms of endocytosis
Phagocytosis} solid
Pinocytosis} liquid
Receptor-mediated endocytosis} highly specific & fast
112
polar covalent
Electrons shared unequally
113
non-polar covalent
Electrons shared equally
114
ionic bond
one atom completely transfers an electron to another > creating oppositely attracted ions (that are attracted to one another)
115
NO>CH
Nitrogen and Oxygen are more electronegative than Carbon and Hydrogen
116
electronegativity
tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
117
is ATP exergonic or endergonic
endergonic- bc ATP is POTENTIAL ENERGY
118
what is activation energy
minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur
119
anabolic reaction
a chemical reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones, using energy in the process
120
catabolic reaction
a chemical reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process
121
metabolic reaction
breaking down complex compounds into simpler ones to extract energy (catabolism) or by building up complex molecules from smaller ones (anabolism)
122
hydrocarbons
molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
123
what are chemical bonds found in our food?
carbohydrates (CH2O)
lipids (repeated CH groups)
proteins (repeated in amino acids)
124
examples of carbohydrates
monosaccarides- glucose and fructose
disaccarides- maltose and sucrose
polysaccharides- glycogen and starch
125
how do you release energy bonds in a carbohydrate?
oxidation
126
