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bio exam #2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why are sugars able to dissolve in water?

A

sugars are polar molecules which can dissolve in water because water is polar

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2
Q

amino acids are held together by what type of bond?

A

peptide bond

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3
Q

types of structures

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

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4
Q

if you want to take a chain of amino acids and split them up into individual subunits what type of reaction must occur?

A

hydrolysis reaction (h20 breaks molecules)

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5
Q

can sugars form hydrogen bonds with water?

A

yes

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6
Q

a digestible carbohydrate in your diet could come from what?

A

starch and sucrose

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7
Q

sugars are soluble in water because..

A

they are polar molecules

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8
Q

the main structural component of a biological membrane is…

A

a phospholipid

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9
Q

a membrane is ______ on its surface and ______ in its center.

A

polar, non-polar

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10
Q

the proper shape of a protein is

A

-determined by the sequence of its amino acids
-called its conformation
-required fir the protein to function
-held together by bonding interactions between the amino acid side chains

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11
Q

amino acid side chains in the interior of cytoplasmic protein will typically be..

A

non-polar

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12
Q

the fatty acid tails on the phospholipid are..

A

non-polar

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13
Q

what type of amino acids would you expect to find the outside of the membrane protein

A

non-polar

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14
Q

Na+ is a charged ion. what types of amino acids would you expect to find lining the channel it passes through

A

polar uncharged and polar charged

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15
Q

at low tide the scuds and plants are in the hypotonic solution. water will..

A

leave their cells by facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

the plant can adapt to a hypotonic solution because its cell wall

A

prevents the cell membrane from swelling until it bursts

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17
Q

what does active transport require

A

energy (ATP)
membrane protein

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18
Q

how do you get ATP to run active transport

A

undergo hydrolysis

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19
Q

how can a protein channel be regulated

A

binding of a ligand, voltage change, mechanical stress, endocytosis of cannel

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20
Q

what is true about carrier proteins

A

all are passive

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21
Q

the nucleus stores

A

DNA

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22
Q

proteins are made by which organelles

A

ribosomes on rough ER

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23
Q

which organelles makes protein

A

ribosomes

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24
Q

what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles & no nucleus.
Eukaryotes have nucleus containing genetic material and numerous membrane bound organelles.

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25
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus/body

A

Modifies, packages, and secrets proteins
for use in and out of the cell

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26
Q

how do you know if endocytosis has occurred in the chloroplasts

A

they have ribosomes, circular DNA, and a double outer membrane.

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27
Q

what has cristae, double membrane, and has DNA and ribosomes

A

mitochondria

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28
Q

Chloroplast is the site for what process?

A

photosynthesis

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29
Q

what contributes to enzyme activity

A

enzyme concentration, substraight concentration, temperature, and pH

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30
Q

Exergonic reactions ____ energy and Endergonic reactions _____ energy

A

Release, Require

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31
Q

what converts energy from the sun to sugar (Captures sunlight and uses it to produce organic molecules through photosynthesis) IN PLANTS ONLY

A

chloroplasts

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32
Q

what functions do the ribosomes carry out?

A

protein making

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33
Q

functions of cytoskeleton

A

supports the shape of the cell, anchors organelle, used in vesicle transport

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34
Q

animals have all but this organelle

A

chloroplasts (and cell wall)

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35
Q

T/F Plant cells have a cellulose cell and wall and can contain chloroplasts

A

True

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36
Q

What do Eukaryotic cells contain

A

Nucleus and numerous organelles

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37
Q

Rough ER

A

membrane and secreted proteins

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38
Q

Smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis

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39
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

protein modification and sorting

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40
Q

In the cytoplasm they read RNA instructions and synthesize proteins

A

Ribosomes

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41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis (green, light-absorbing pigment)
stroma- fluid around stacks

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42
Q

what organelles digests older cell parts, food or other objects (recycling center)

A

lysosomes

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43
Q

cytoskeleton

A

interior framework

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44
Q

when does a neuron fire

A

Na+ ions move down their concentration gradient spontaneously

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45
Q

a neuron recharges when

A

Na+ ions are actively pumped against their concentration gradient

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46
Q

how long can an axon be

A

1m or more

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47
Q

how does a transport vesicle move from the cell body to the nerve terminal

A

along the cytoskeleton using motor proteins

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48
Q

toxins released by black widow spider venom cause explosive release of acetylcholine from neurons. these toxins cause paralysis by:

A

triggering increased exocytosis of the transport vesicles containing acetylcholine

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49
Q

toxins produced by clostridium botulinum block the release of acetylcholine from neurons. these toxins work by:

A

inhibiting exocytosis of the transport vesicles containing acetylcholine.

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50
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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51
Q

Functional groups:

A

Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone.
They are the component of organic molecules that is most commonly involved in chemical reactions.
Example= Hydroxyl group

52
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction:

A

removes the components of a water molecule and joins
subunits into a larger molecule with covalent bonds

53
Q

Monosaccharides:

A

One carbon chain and are the basic building blocks for all other carbohydrates

54
Q

Hydrolysis:

A

adds the components of a water molecule as covalent bonds are broken, splitting a
molecule into two or more smaller subunits

55
Q

Disaccharides:

A

2 carbon chain

56
Q

Polysaccharides

A

more than 2 carbon chains. Its functions are structural support and long term
energy storage

57
Q

Amphipathic

A

Has a polar part and a non-polar part.
Example: phospholipids

58
Q

Phospholipid

A

The main structural component of a biological membrane

59
Q

Amino acids are joined together by this type of bond

A

Peptide bonds

60
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

a chemical bond where 2 atoms share electrons equally

61
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

a chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally

62
Q

Nucleic acids

A

composed of nucleotides. Example: ATP and DNA

63
Q

Nucleotides

A

consists of 3 things; a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

64
Q

Diffusion of water through a membrane down its concentration gradient-toward high
solute concentration

A

Osmosis

65
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Cells lose water in a hypertonic solution and shrink. The plasma membrane pulls
away from the cell wall, turgor pressure is lost and plant wilts

66
Q

Active transporters:

A

use en energy source to force molecules against their concentration gradient

67
Q

Aquaporin:

A

channel protein for water

68
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels:

A

Open in response to the presence of a particular small chemical/
ligand

69
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels:

A

can be opened or closed by a voltage change along the
membrane

70
Q

Carrier protein

A

must bind the solute to be able to open and get it across the membrane

71
Q

can move really large molecules out of the cells by the vesicle joining with the
plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

72
Q

Endocytosis

A

Moving large particles from outside the cell to inside the cell

73
Q

Prokaryotes

A

pro-(pre) kary-(nucleus)
have no membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm and their DNA is not in a
nucleus (rather in the nucleoid), has ribosomes. Example: Bacteria and Archaea

74
Q

Rigid, tough, made of cellulose Protects and supports the cell (in plant)

A

cell wall

75
Q

Protects the cell, performs active and passive transport, moves materials in and out of the cell, communication

A

cell membrane or plasma membrane

76
Q

Fluid between membrane and nucleus Contains organelles, molecules, enzymes, etc

A

cytoplasm

77
Q

Double membrane surrounding nucleus
Regulates exchange of material through
nuclear pores

A

nuclear membrane

78
Q

Storage tank for food, water, wastes or enzymes

A

vacuole

79
Q

Supplies ATP for the cell through cell respiration

A

mitochondria

80
Q

Found in cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum; Makes proteins

A

Ribosome

81
Q

Functions in protein synthesis, modification, folding, and transport

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

82
Q

Found in the nucleus, made of DNA and protein, contains genes Provides instructions for the cells’ activities, (growth, reproduction)

A

Chromatin

83
Q

Small dark area in the nucleus
Produces ribosomal RNA, assembles ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleolus

84
Q

what does denatured mean?

A

lost it’s natural folded structure (shape) due to: pH change, heat, chemicals etc.&raquo_space; becomes non-functional

85
Q

difference between active and passive site?

A

active- requires energy, low > high (against) concentration gradient, unidirectional
passive- doesn’t require energy, high > low (along) concentration gradient

86
Q

what is a neutral pH, which way is acidic/basic

A

7 is neutral
left- acidic (high H+), right- basic (low H+)

87
Q

what is pH

A

potential of hydrogen

88
Q

what are the four types of structures?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

89
Q

amino acids are held together by what

A

peptide bond

90
Q

if you take a chain of amino acids and split them up into individual subunits, what type of reaction must occur?

A

hydrolysis reaction (H2O breaks)

91
Q

can glucose get through a phospholipid bilayer?

A

NO

92
Q

why can sugar dissolve in water?

A

sugars are polar which can dissolve in water because water is polar

93
Q

what are 3 things found in ATP?

A

adenine, deoxyribose, phosphate groups

94
Q

what process moves large molecules out of the cell

A

exocytosis

95
Q

which of the following would qualify as a macromolecule?
Protein, DNA, RNA, Cellulose

A

ALL OF THE ABOVE

96
Q

which is not an example of a carbohydrate
glucose, sucrose, glycine, cellulose, glycogen

A

glycine, bc it doesn’t end in -ose

97
Q

what is the basic building block of a protein

A

amino acids

98
Q

hereditary material that carries genetic code

A

DNA

99
Q

“roadways” for moving materials through the cell

A

cytoskeleton

100
Q

detoxifies drugs and poisons

A

smooth ER

101
Q
A
102
Q

an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, what is the atomic #

A

11 bc the atomic # is just protons

103
Q

sharing a pair of electrons is an example of what

A

a covalent bond

104
Q

if an atom gains an electron it forms a

A

negatively charged ion

105
Q

an ionic bond occurs when one atom..

A

transfers an electron to another atom

106
Q

water is polar because..

A

it is formed by polar covalent bonds between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms

107
Q

which solutes would diffuse across a membrane

A

H2O, O2, CO2

108
Q

what does a plant cell lose in a hypertonic environment

A

H2O

109
Q

what does a plant cell have that prevents it from bursting

A

Cell Wall

110
Q

What channel: opens in response to the presence of a particular small chemical or neurotransmitter

A

ligand-gated channel

111
Q

3 forms of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis} solid
Pinocytosis} liquid
Receptor-mediated endocytosis} highly specific & fast

112
Q

polar covalent

A

Electrons shared unequally

113
Q

non-polar covalent

A

Electrons shared equally

114
Q

ionic bond

A

one atom completely transfers an electron to another > creating oppositely attracted ions (that are attracted to one another)

115
Q

NO>CH

A

Nitrogen and Oxygen are more electronegative than Carbon and Hydrogen

116
Q

electronegativity

A

tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

117
Q

is ATP exergonic or endergonic

A

endergonic- bc ATP is POTENTIAL ENERGY

118
Q

what is activation energy

A

minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur

119
Q

anabolic reaction

A

a chemical reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones, using energy in the process

120
Q

catabolic reaction

A

a chemical reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy in the process

121
Q

metabolic reaction

A

breaking down complex compounds into simpler ones to extract energy (catabolism) or by building up complex molecules from smaller ones (anabolism)

122
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

123
Q

what are chemical bonds found in our food?

A

carbohydrates (CH2O)
lipids (repeated CH groups)
proteins (repeated in amino acids)

124
Q

examples of carbohydrates

A

monosaccarides- glucose and fructose
disaccarides- maltose and sucrose
polysaccharides- glycogen and starch

125
Q

how do you release energy bonds in a carbohydrate?

A

oxidation

126
Q
A

biology (3 decks)

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