BIO final Flashcards
In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called “ligers.” Male ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral differences.
The natural differences in the ranges of wild tigers and lions is an example of ________.
a prezygotic barrier
Under the biological species concept, what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species?
ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
The biological species concept cannot be applied to ________.
fossils
Which scenario describes allopatric speciation?
A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.
Which taxonomic level is most inclusive?
order
Of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same ________ are the most closely related.
family
Homology is evidence of ________.
common ancestry
Which one of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?
the production of sterile hybrids
In _____ a population isolated by a geographic barrier becomes a new species as it accumulates changes by natural selection or genetic drift.
allopatric speciation
In _____ a new species may arise as mating and gene flow are reduced between populations that share the same area.
sympatric speciation
Many plant species have formed by
_____ in which accidents in cell division result in extra sets of chromosomes.
polyploid speciation
Both allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation depend on the establishment of
_____ which prevent(s) gene flow between a new species and its parent species.
reproductive barriers
_____ occur(s) when a species gives rise to many new species after colonizing a region with diverse habitats
Adaptive radiation
A biologist spends her summer break collecting frogs from a remote jungle in Peru. She discovers two distinct color forms that could be variants of a single species or two different species. What would be the most direct test of their species statusunder the biological species concept?
Compare the color patterns of the two groups. If they are distinct enough, the two forms belong to different species.
Observe mating in the natural environment of the two groups. If the two forms do not mate with each other, they are different species.
Compare the habitat use of the two groups. If they use different habitats, they must be different species.
Compare the DNA of the two groups. If their genes are different, they must be different species.
Observe mating in the natural environment of the two groups. If the two forms do not mate with each other, they are different species.
In _____ isolation, it is physically impossible for two species to mate with each other, often because their genitalia do not fit together properly.
behavioral
temporal
mechanical
habitat
mechanical
Eastern and western spotted skunks breed at different times of the year. Therefore, they are prevented from interbreeding by _____ isolation.
behavioral
temporal
mechanical
habitat
temporal
The process of speciation starts with a single species. It often involves the following steps: (1) two populations become physically separated from one another by a barrier to dispersal and stop exchanging genes; (2) the populations experienceindependent evolutionary changes; (3) changes in one or both populations result in development of reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding; further changes in geography may bring the groups back into contact. When do you officiallyhave two separate species?
step 1
step 2
step 3
none of the above
step 3
Darwin thought that significant evolution was much too slow to be witnessed in a human lifetime. Recent experiments by biologists have _____.
- confirmed Darwin’s view
-indicated that evolution takes place extremely quickly; in fact, individuals can evolve to become new species within their life spans
-shown that evolutionary change takes even longer than Darwin imagined
-shown that some populations can evolve quite rapidly, with important changes occurring over several generations in the laboratory
shown that some populations can evolve quite rapidly, with important changes occurring over several generations in the laboratory
Plate tectonics has been responsible for instances of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
allopatric speciation
mass extinction
volcanic explosions
sympatric speciation
sympatric speciation
Characid fishes are found naturally only in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?
-These fishes arose in either Africa or South America and migrated across the South Atlantic Ocean to the other continent.
-Convergent evolution is responsible for the distribution of characid fishes.
-Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents.
-Characid fishes arose in the South Atlantic Ocean and migrated to Africa and South America.
Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents.
Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds) were extinct by the end of the ________.
cretaceous
A period of mass extinction is often followed by ________.
explosive diversification
global warming
continental drift
explosive diversification
Which one of the following is an example of a subject in evo-devo?
sympatric speciation
microevolution
paedomorphosis
allopatric speciation
paedomorphosis
Which of the following is a true statement?
-Pangaea started to break up to form geographic isolation for many species about 65 million years ago.
-As dinosaurs became extinct, reptiles remained as their sole descendants.
-Massive extinction of species results in less species diversity but is followed by an explosive diversification of certain remaining species.
-Mammals were the prominent species just before the extinction of dinosaurs.
Massive extinction of species results in less species diversity but is followed by an explosive diversification of certain remaining species.
most inclusive to least inclusive level
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Ecology is the study of ________.
interactions between organisms and their environments
if you study how two species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about ________.
community ecology
Which of these is a community?
-all of the organisms living in your garden
-all of abiotic factors that determine the health of your garden
-all of the organisms living in your garden as well as the soil and rocks
-all of the garden snails (Helix aspersa) living in your garden
all of the organisms living in your garden
What level of ecology is concerned with energy flow and the cycling of chemicals among various biotic and abiotic factors?
population
organism
ecosystem
community
ecosystem
_____is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
ecology
_____ factors are nonliving factors that make up an environment.
abiotic
_____ factors are living factors that make up an environment.
biotic
A(n) ______is an individual living thing, such as a plant, an animal, or a bacterium.
organism
A(n) _____is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area.
population
A(n) ______consists of all of the organisms that live in the same area at the same time.
community
A(n) _____consists of all of the abiotic and biotic factors in an area.
ecosystem
the levels of ecological hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere
A group of snails (of the same species) lives in a garden that also includes beetles and tomato plants. What level(s) of ecological organization does the group of snails belong to?
Select all that apply.
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Population
Community
Ecosystem
An ecologist is studying the diet of a group of desert-dwelling scorpions, which have many types of potential prey (insects, small mammals, etc.). She tracks the scorpions to see how much they eat of each prey species.
What level of ecological organization is she studying?
Organism
Population
Community
Biome
community
Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater streams and, during their first year of life, the young salmon migrate distances up to 1,000 km in order to reach the ocean. Here they spend up to 5 years where they feed and grow, acquiring more than 95% of their biomass. During the summer of their maturing year, they begin the long journey back to their home streams to spawn. Although it is still uncertain how salmon navigate back to their spawning grounds, current hypotheses suggest that they have a highly developed sense of smell that allows them to remember odors they encountered on their migration to the ocean. They then use these odors to help them navigate back to the streams where they were born. At the spawning grounds, females use their tails to form a hollow cavity in the stream gravel where they lay up to 8,000 eggs. The males fertilize the eggs, and both adults typically die soon thereafter.
The physiological response that allows salmon to survive in fresh water, then in salt water, and then fresh water again is an example of ________.
evolution
a behavioral response
an anatomical response
acclimation
acclimation
Which of the following is an example of an evolutionary adaptation?
-A dog that rarely barks is boarded in a kennel with other dogs for a month, and when he comes home, he barks at the slightest noise.
-A portion of a forest burns in a forest fire. As a species of beetles starts to recolonize the area, the lighter-colored individuals in the population are much more visible against the burned bark compared to darker individuals. These lighter individuals are eaten by bird predators at a high rate. After two generations, most of the beetles are darker in color.
-On a cold day, a troop of snow monkeys (Japanese macaques) gather in hot springs for warmth.
-Elephants typically live in herds that are led by a female, the matriarch. The matriarch not only leads the herd but also teaches the young where and how to find food and water. Young elephants are unable to find food on their own if they are separated from the herd.
A portion of a forest burns in a forest fire. As a species of beetles starts to recolonize the area, the lighter-colored individuals in the population are much more visible against the burned bark compared to darker individuals. These lighter individuals are eaten by bird predators at a high rate. After two generations, most of the beetles are darker in color.
What name is given to the open ocean?
pelagic realm
benthic realm
intertidal zone
photic zone
pelagic realm
What name is given to the seafloor?
pelagic realm
benthic realm
intertidal zone
aphotic zone
benthic realm
The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is due primarily to ________.
-the loss of ozone that trapped cooling UV radiation in the atmosphere
-carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth
-carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of UV radiation from Earth
-carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases allowing more solar radiation to penetrate Earth’s surface
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth
Global warming may trigger all but one of these results to occur. Choose the EXCEPTION.
-catastrophic wildfire seasons
-melting permafrost
-changes in the breeding seasons of some species
-increased forest clearing for agricultural purposes
increased forest clearing for agricultural purposes
All but one of these are causes for increasing carbon dioxide levels. Choose the EXCEPTION.
-creating compost piles from vegetable waste
-production of manufactured goods
-transportation
-home energy use
reating compost piles from vegetable waste
Scientists have documented that spring seasons starting earlier due to climate change have resulted in some caterpillar species beginning their maturation stage earlier than normal. There are bird species that need the caterpillars to feed their chicks. However, since the caterpillars are maturing before the chicks hatch (and therefore cannot be used for chick food), the birds are experiencing a drop in their lifetime reproductive success. Interestingly, scientists have also documented that the individual birds that are successful in altering their egg-laying patterns to align with earlier spring seasons have the greatest lifetime reproductive success. These phenomena are examples of ________.
-a change in species distribution due to climate change
-an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions due to climate change
-an evolutionary response to climate change
-the effects of terrestrial biome distribution due to climate change
an evolutionary response to climate change
The dominant greenhouse gas is __________.
sulfur oxides
O2
N2
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
The definition of your carbon footprint is __________.
View Available Hint(s)for Part A
-the amount of material you add to the landfill
-the list of ways you have to reduce your production of greenhouse gases
-the amount of greenhouse gas emitted as a result of your actions
-the amount of gasoline you use in one year
the amount of greenhouse gas emitted as a result of your actions
Evolutionary adaptation may not save long-lived species, such as polar bears, from extinction because __________.
-they will be forced to interbreed with brown bears
-of rapid habitat loss
-they are subject to increasing predation
-complex organisms do not adapt to climate changes
of rapid habitat loss
process of carbon released
cellular respiration
combustion of fossil fuels
combustion of wood
microbial decomposition
processes of carbon uptake
photosynthesis
carbon reservoir (storage)
living and nonliving biomass
carbonic acid in oceans
Which gas is plotted using the y-axis on the right?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
The total of all three gases
Methane
Which of these three gases is most abundant in the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
The concentrations of the three gases are approximately equal.
carbon dioxide
What was the approximate atmospheric concentration of CO2 at year 0?
275 parts per million
900 parts per billion
255 parts per billion
255 parts per million
275 parts per million
In the 250 years from 1500 to 1750, the atmospheric concentration of methane (CH4) hovered around 700 parts per billion. What was the approximate concentration of methane 250 years later, in 2000?
700 parts per billion
375 parts per billion
1,100 parts per billion
1,800 parts per billion
1,800 parts per billion
The ultimate source of energy that drives wind power is __________.
the sun
A typical wind farm in the United States consists of __________.
many very large wind turbines clustered in a region with a low human population
The year 2030 goal set by the US Department of Energy is to generate __________.
20% of electricity using wind-powered systems
Electricity in a wind turbine is generated __________.
when spinning magnets move past a coil of copper wire
An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with
Exponential growth.
Population crashes.
Logistic growth.
Neither exponential growth nor logistic growth.
Both exponential growth and logistic growth
exponential growth