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EXS Final > A&P Exam 1 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy refers to

A

internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships

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2
Q

Physiology refers to

A

study of the functions of those structures

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3
Q

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

a disruptions in homeostasis results in disease

A

homeostatic imbalance

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5
Q

homeostasis is the dynamic state of _____.

A

equilibrium

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6
Q

Two main controlling systems

A

nervous and endocrine

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7
Q

Sweating is an example of homeostasis as it helps

A

regulate our body temperature. When our core temperature rises, we start to sweat. The evaporation of this sweat cools the body down, thereby lowering the elevated temperature.

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8
Q

Shivering is an example of homeostasis as it helps

A

induces contraction in our muscles that produce shivering. Shivering generates body heat and increases our body temperature. This increase in body temperature restores homeostasis.

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9
Q

Negative feedback

A

shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

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10
Q

examples of negative feedback

A
  • household thermostat
  • sweating and shivering
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11
Q

Positive feedback

A

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable further

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12
Q

examples of positive feedback

A
  • childbirth
  • blood clotting
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13
Q

superior

A

toward the head; above

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14
Q

inferior

A

away from the head; below

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15
Q

anterior/ ventral

A

toward the front of the body

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16
Q

posterior/ dorsal

A

toward the back of the body

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17
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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18
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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19
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and more lateral structure
example: eyes

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20
Q

proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment

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21
Q

distal

A

farther from the point of attachment

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22
Q

superficial

A

toward the body’s surface

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23
Q

deep

A

away from the body’s surface

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24
Q

midsagittal/median plane

A

body split between the eyes

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25
Q

frontal plane

A

body split in half with boobs in front butt in back/cut at ears

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26
Q

transverse plane

A

body split top and bottom

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27
Q

After eating 5 glazed donuts, your pancreas release _____ causing glucose levels to _____.

A

insulin, decrease

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28
Q

The knee is _____ to the thigh

A

distal/inferior

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29
Q

This region of the body is superficial to the heart, superior to the pelvis, and posterior to the ribs?

A

lungs

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30
Q

NOT an example of homeostasis

A

skin cut leading to continuous bleeding

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31
Q

3 general parts of a typical cell

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane

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32
Q

What is an organelle?

A
  • perform specific jobs
  • specialized cellular compartments
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33
Q

cells are the _____ and _____ unit of living organisms.

A

structural, functional

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34
Q

is like city hall, orders everyone around, contains DNA

A

nucleus

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35
Q

helps in the formation of proteins

A

ribosomes

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36
Q

produce ATP for the cell, vary in number depending on the cell, energy factories, contain their own DNA

A

mitochondria

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37
Q

covered with ribosomes, secreted proteins are made here

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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38
Q

no ribosomes, does not make proteins, metabolizes lipids & cholesterol, makes LIPIDS

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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39
Q

“Traffic director” for proteins
made from rough ER. Transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid

A

Golgi apparatus

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40
Q

“Demolition crew”, destroys invading bacteria

A

lysosomes

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41
Q

specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen

A

peroxisomes

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42
Q

do RBC have a nucleus

A

no

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43
Q

why can’t we survive off of drinking sea water?

A

seawater has a higher osmotic pressure than most of the fluids in your body. You can drink the water, but ingesting it will pull water out of your cells as osmosis works to dilute the seawater.

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44
Q

solvent pass from a solution of low concentration to a solution of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

A

osmosis

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45
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same concentration of solutes as the cell; cell stays the same

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46
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

higher concentration of solutes compared to cell; shrinks and shrivels

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47
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

lower concentration of solutes compared to cell; swelling and grows

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48
Q

groups of cells that are similar in
structure and have a similar function

A

tissue

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49
Q

cells that are part of an immune system

A

lysosomes

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49
Q

a cell that secretes a lot of hormones

A

endocrine

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50
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

responsible for practically all movements that are under voluntary control

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51
Q
A
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52
Q

what tonicity do you think sports drinks have? Why?

A

hypotonic to help with water retention

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53
Q

heart cells contain cell junctions that allow them to contract synchronously. What type of junctions do you think these are?

A

gap junctions

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54
Q

vascularized

A

tissue that has blood vessels
- blood = fast healing

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55
Q

innervated

A

tissue that has nerves in it
also contributes to faster healing
- blood = fast healing

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56
Q

What are two ways in which tissue is repaired?

A

regeneration-same tissue replaced
fibrosis-scar tissue

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57
Q

epithelial tissue

A

cover and protect
-foundon the surface of the skin and lining the digestive tract and organs

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58
Q

simple epithelium

A

-one layer
-not good for protection
-good for exchange with the environment
-found in the lungs and intestines

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59
Q

cuboidal

A

Round nucleus
Found in cells that excrete
e.g. ducts

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59
Q

stratified epithelium

A

-two or more layers
-good for protection
-found in the skin surface and lining of the mouth

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60
Q

squamous

A

squished nucleus
lungs
Great for exchange

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61
Q

columnar

A

Oval nucleus
Found in cells that
absorb

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61
Q

three properties that distinguish epithelium from other tissues?

A
  • Epithelial tissue covers surfaces with an uninterrupted layer of cells.
  • Epithelial cells are attached to each other.
  • Intercellular spaces in the epithelium are small.
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62
Q

secrete onto the body
surface or into body cavities
e.g. mucous glands, sweat glands,
liver (bile)

A

exocrine glands

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63
Q

make hormones
that enter extracellular space through blood
e.g. pancreas, testes, ovaries

A

endocrine glands

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64
Q

endocrine vs exocrine

A

exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface, endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

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65
Q

connective tissue

A

support

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66
Q

Unlike other primary tissues, the connective tissue is
largely ____________called the extracellular matrix

A

non-living matter

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67
Q
  • well supplied by blood vessels
A

bone

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68
Q

make organic part of the matrix

A

osteoblasts

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69
Q

mature bone cells

A

osteocytes

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70
Q
  • Holds up to tension and compression
  • Tough but flexible
  • Lack nerves
  • Not vascularized , nutrients received by diffusion from
    blood vessels
  • Up to 80% H2O
A

cartilage

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71
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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72
Q

Strong, ropelike structures
reinforced with collagen fibers
Poor blood supply

A

dense CT

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73
Q

Fewer fibers, looser
Can be vascularized

A

loose CT

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74
Q

Atypical connective tissue
* fluid matrix
Blood cells = red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

A

blood

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75
Q

general function of CT

A
  • protection
  • binding and support
  • insulation/storing reserve fuel
  • transporting substances within the body
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76
Q

How is connective tissue different from other tissues?

A

an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells

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77
Q
  • Well vascularized
  • Highly cellular
  • Myofilaments
  • Elaborate versions of actin and myosin → movement
A

muscle

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78
Q

voluntary muscle

A

skeletal

79
Q

involuntary muscle

A

smooth and cardiac

80
Q

epidermis

A
  • epithelial cells
  • outermost region
  • nutrients by diffusion
81
Q

dermis

A
  • most of the skin
  • tough and leathery
  • vascularized
82
Q

hypodermis

A

-Not actually skin
-Mostly ADIPOSE tissue
-Anchors skin to underlying structures (muscles)
-Shock absorber and heat insulator

83
Q
  • Most of the cells in the epidermis
  • Make keratin – a protein that protects the skin
  • Cells divide a lot, pushed upward
    with time
  • Top layer is dead
    Callus
A

Keratinocytes

84
Q
  • Make melanin, transferred to keratinocytes
  • Protects the nucleus
A

Melanocytes

85
Q
  • Ingest foreign substances
  • Part of the immune system
A

Dendritic cells

86
Q
  • The number varies in
    your body
  • Regions that have
    more will be more
    sensitive
  • Two-point
    threshold (Lab)
  • Sensory receptors for touch
A

tactile cells

87
Q

How can the integumentary system regulate your body temperature

A
  • sweat glands- sweat glands get bigger/dilate and cause sweating
    -vessel constriction- pushes blood to the deeper regions of the body/conserves body heat
88
Q

torn dermis

A

stretch marks

89
Q

fluid-filled pocket between epidermal and
dermal layer

A

blister

90
Q

loss of collagen and elastic fibers

A

wrinkles

91
Q

_____ are caused by a lack of oxygen to the skin
Too much pressure restricts blood flow and cells die

A

bed sores

92
Q
  • yellowish skin
  • liver pigments accumulate in blood
    rather than bile
A

jaundice

93
Q
  • blood escapes from blood vessels and clots
  • AKA hematoma (“blood swelling”)
A

bruises

94
Q

poorly oxygenated blood

A

cyanosis

95
Q

integumentary system: chemical

A

secretions lower pH

96
Q

integumentary system: physical

A
  • continuity of skin
  • hardness of keratinized cells
  • layers of dead skin
  • glycolipids = water-resistant
97
Q

integumentary system: biological

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages: “large eaters”
  • Immune system
98
Q

cancers: Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • keratinocytes become
    cancerous
  • Grow fast; can
    metastasize if not caught
99
Q

cancers: melanoma

A
  • Melanocytes become
    cancerous
  • Most Dangerous
  • Highly metastatic
100
Q

ABC’s of cancer detection

A

A- symmetry
B- order irregularity
C- olor; look for multiple

101
Q

1st degree burns

A
  • Only the epidermis
  • Heals in 2-3 days
  • e.g. sunburn
102
Q

2nd degree burns

A
  • epidermis and upper region of the dermis
  • Little scarring; 3-4 weeks to heal
  • e.g. blisters
103
Q

3rd degree burns

A
  • entire thickness of skin
  • Nerve endings destroyed;
    supposedly not as painful
  • Healing: long time; skin grafting
    advised
104
Q

What are some functions of bones?

A

support, protecting, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation

105
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, ribcage, spine, and tailbone.
SUPPORT

106
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the rest
APPENDAGES
MOVEMENT

107
Q

long bone

A

yellow bone marrow
fat storage

108
Q

short bone

A

cube-shaped

109
Q

flat bone

A

have sandwich structure

110
Q

irregular bone

A

have sandwich structure

111
Q

osteoblast

A

bone growth/make new bone

112
Q

osteocyte

A

maintains bone matrix/lives in the lacuane

113
Q

osteoclast

A

bone-resorbing/destroys old bone

114
Q

how do bones get longer

A

epiphyseal plates

115
Q

endochondral ossification (bone growth)

A

bone collar forms
calcification
blood vessel invades
spongy bone forms
diaphysis elongates
epiphysis ossifies
a little bit of cartilage remains

116
Q

What is the importance of an epiphyseal plate?

A

main site of longitudinal growth of the long bones.
synthesis of the typical extracellular matrix

117
Q

when epiphyseal plates are present

A

only found in children and adolescents

118
Q

when epiphyseal lines are present

A

in adults, who have stopped growing

119
Q

Which three hormones are important for bone maintenance during a person’s life?

A

growth hormone
testosterone and estrogen
parathyroid hormone

120
Q

osteomalacia

A
  • insufficient calcium
  • soft bones
  • epiphyseal plates cannot calcify, and become wider
  • IN ADULTS
121
Q

rickets

A
  • insufficient calcium
  • soft bones
  • epiphyseal plates cannot calcify, and become wider
  • IN CHILDREN
122
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • more osteoclast (bone-reabsorbing) activity rises due to an increase in osteoblast (bone growth) activity.
  • Insufficient exercise that stresses bone.
    -poor diet
  • hormone-related conditions
    -genetic disposition
123
Q

what else is calcium used for in the body?

A

muscle communication

124
Q

Paget’s disease

A
  • haphazard/disorganized deposit and reabsorption.
  • more spongy bone than compact bone
125
Q

what type of cartilage is located at the end of long bones that help connect to other bones?

A

articular

126
Q

_____ are tiny canals that help ensure compact bone receives nourishment

A

canaliculi

127
Q

inversion

A

turning foot towards the midline

128
Q

eversion

A

turning foot away from the midline

129
Q

supination

A

palm up like holding a bowl of soup; radius and ulna are parallel

130
Q

pronation

A

palm down; opposite of supination

131
Q

you are raising your hand to wave to a friend. Which movement is this?

A

adduction

132
Q

bringing two bones together and decreasing the angle of a joint is called _____

A

flexion

133
Q

looking up at the ceiling would be _____of your neck

A

hyperextension

134
Q

which of these joints can you hyperextend

A

shoulder

135
Q

standing on your toes is which motion?

A

plantar flexion

136
Q

standing on your heels?

A

dorsiflexion

137
Q

endochondral ossification _____

A

requires a blood supply

138
Q

Main function of the skeletal system

A

blood cell formation
support

139
Q

Which is true about trabeculae bones?

A

their open structures help dispense nutrients.- found in spongy bone

140
Q

kyphosis results in the rounded appearance in the _____

A

upper dorsum

141
Q

do infant skeletons contain fewer bones than adults?

A

NO they have the same amount

142
Q

an osteocyte resides in the ____

A

lacuna

143
Q

LOOK AT PICS OF CELLS; SQUAMOUS, CUBOIDAL, COLUMNAR

A
144
Q

t/f fibrosis is a superior healing process compared to regeneration

A

false; fibrosis makes scar tissue and you lose function

145
Q

types of connective tissue

A

blood, bone, cartilage, dense ct, loose ct

146
Q

order of skin layers top to botton

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

147
Q

t/f the hypodermis is NOT considered part of the skin

A

true

148
Q

shivering on a cold day and sweating on a how day is an example of which type of mechanism to regulate body temperature

A

negative feedback

149
Q

thicker cells in the lungs will cause breathing to be ____

A

more difficult

150
Q

sweat is secreted onto the skin surface by _____

A

exocrine gland

150
Q

drinking salt water would cause ____

A

cells to shrink in size/hypertonic

151
Q

osmosis is the movement of

A

water across a semi-permeable surface

152
Q

functions of the integumentary system

A

boundary from the environment
regulate body temp
prevent bacterial growth on skin

153
Q

integumentary system and its protective function

A

skin serves as a continuous physical barrier

154
Q

tactile cells _____

A

allow us to sense touch

154
Q

which accurately describes the hypodermis

A

it contains many fat cells

155
Q

the femur is part of the _____ skelton

A

appendicular

156
Q

the _____ plane will cut the human body into top and bottom parts

A

transverse

157
Q

peroxisomes _____

A

neutralize oxygen radicals

158
Q

which is true about connective tissue

A

it contains more ground substance than other tissues

159
Q

this tissue type is used for communication

A

nervous

160
Q

nutrients move through compact bone through tiny pathways called

A

canaliculi

161
Q

acromegaly is caused by an excess _____ in _____

A

growth hormone; adults

162
Q

this disease is characterized by random formation of spongy bone throughout the skeleton

A

paget’s disease

163
Q

a herniated disc can be especially _____ because _____

A

painful;it presses on a nerve root

164
Q

order the vertebrae from smallest to largest in size

A

cervical-thoiracic-lumbar

165
Q

examples of a homeostatic imbalance

A

asthma-airways too narrow
cancer-excess cell growth
pneumonia-fluid in lungs

166
Q

the fingers are ____ to the elbow

A

distal

167
Q

which of these is a general part of every cell

A

plasma membrane

168
Q

which organelle makes protein

A

rough er

169
Q

ATP is made in the _____

A

mitochondrial

170
Q

which of these is an example of tissue?
group of cardiac cells
heart
cardiac cell
cardiovascular system

A

group of cardiac cells

171
Q

what is true about a cell that is vascularized

A

it has a blood supply

172
Q

which of these tissues repairs the best

A

epithelium

173
Q

t/f after an injury the process of regeneration creates scar tissue

A

false; fibrosis

174
Q

in anatomy the word ‘articulate’ means

A

connect

175
Q

this connective tissue has a fluid extracellular matrix

A

blood

176
Q

voluntary muscle, like those used for raising your hand, require _____ muscle

A

skeletal

177
Q

what is always true of epithelium that has two layers of cells

A

it is stratifies tissue

178
Q

areas that need protection against friction and rubbing would be best protected by _____

A

stratifies

179
Q

what is special about epithelium

A

it can regenerate

180
Q

which layers of the skin are vascularized

A

dermis only

181
Q

melanocytes are important for

A

protecting the nucleus from UV damage

182
Q

when it is cold outside, the blood vessels in your fingers _____

A

constrict

183
Q

stretch marks are caused by _____

A

torn dermis

184
Q

bed sores are caused by _____ to the skin

A

too little blood

185
Q

a third degree burn destroys

A

all of the epidermis, dermis, and part of the hypodermis

186
Q

which is not a function of the skeletal system.
movement
storing excess DNA
storing minerals
support

A

storing excess DNA

187
Q

the hyoid bone is the only bone in the body that _____

A

does not articulate with any other bone

188
Q

sutures are _____

A

joints located between skull bones

189
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are found in the human body

A

7

190
Q

ligaments connect

A

bones to other bones

191
Q

pregnancy is most likely to cause which spinal condition

A

lordosis

192
Q

the heart is ____ to the lungs

A

deep

193
Q

simple epithelium is good for _____

A

exchange

194
Q

t/f the ph of human skin is neutral (7.0) which is perfect for preventing bacterial growth

A

false

195
Q

cuboidal cells have _____

A

round nucleus

EXS Final (5 decks)

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