bio exam 4 simple review

Question 1

Common trait in nature =

Answer 1

wild type

Question 2

Mendel

Answer 2

(Father of Genetics)
Monk who studied pea plants

Question 3

Mendel’s Key reasons for studying peas:

Answer 3

Grow quickly, clear traits, controlled mating

Question 4

Mendel’s Fertilization methods:

Answer 4

Self-fertilization: Cover plants.

Cross-fertilization: Transfer pollen manually.

Question 5

Genes:
Alleles:

Answer 5

Genes: Units of heredity located on chromosomes.
Alleles: Variants of a gene.

Question 6

Recessive (lowercase)

Answer 6

Only expressed when homozygous.

Question 7

Mendel’s Laws

Answer 7

Law of Segregation:
Gene pairs separate during meiosis; gametes carry 1 allele.
Law of Independent Assortment:
Alleles for different traits separate independently.

Question 8

Incomplete Dominance:

Answer 8

Blended traits (e.g., Red + White → Pink flowers).

Question 9

Blood Type Compatibility:

Answer 9

O: Universal donor.
AB: Universal recipient.

Question 10

Carried on X chromosome:

Answer 10

Hemophilia, color blindness

Question 11

Inheritance Rules:

Answer 11

Males cannot pass X-linked traits to sons.
Females must inherit 2 recessive alleles for the trait to appear.

Question 12

Linked Genes:
Crossing Over:

Answer 12

Linked Genes: Close genes on the same chromosome.
Crossing Over: Alleles exchange during meiosis → New combinations.

Question 13

Amniocentesis:

Answer 13

Performed at 14-16 weeks.
Tests amniotic fluid for chromosome abnormalities.

Question 14

Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS):

Answer 14

Performed at 8-10 weeks.
Tests placental tissue for genetic issues.

Question 15

Lejeune’s Syndrome (Cri-du-Chat):

Answer 15

Deletion on chromosome 5.
Key traits: Cat-like cry, developmental delays, small head.

Question 16

Mendel’s Hypothesis:

Answer 16

Genes have alternative forms (alleles).

Question 17

Pedigree Charts:

Answer 17

Males: Square (□), Females: Circle (￮)