Bio Exam 3 Flashcards
What is the difference between internal and external respiration?
External respiration is the gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs.
Internal respiration is the gas exchange between blood and tissues.
Functions of nose and pharynx
Act as passageway for respiration, have receptors for smell, moisten and warm
upcoming air, have resonating chambers for voice, and filter large foreign
material from incoming air
Name the structures in the lower respiration system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
How does inspiration work? Expiration?
Inspiration (inhale) is when the diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down;
intercostal muscles contract, elevating chest wall and expanding volume of chest,
lowering pressure in lungs, pulling in air
Expiration (exhale) is when muscles relax; diaphragm resumes dome shape; intercostal muscles allow chest to lower, resulting in increase of pressure in chest
and expulsion of air
Location of respiratory center
Medulla Oblongata
What is a neuron
Specialized cells that are made for communication. They generate and conduct electrical impulses
Difference between sensory and motor neurons
Sensory neurons are neurons found in the PNS that receive stimuli neurons that
and transmit information to the CNS. Motor neurons are neurons found in the PNS that transmit information away from
the CNS
Function of sodium/potassium pump
Maintains cell volume, establishes and maintains resting potential by ongoing
active transport of three NA+ out of the cell and two K+ into the cell
Alveoli
tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the
lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
Surfactant
reduces surface tension enabling inflation of alveoli
Tidal Volume
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath at rest
Schwann cell
form myelin sheaths in PNS
function of the epiglottis
Flaps over the larynx to prevent food and liquids from entering the lung
pleural membranes
A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity. It protects and cushions the lungs
vital capacity
Maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation
CNS
(brain and spinal cord) receives, processes, and transfers information
3 parts of neuron
cell body, dendrites, axon
Resting potential
measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting
cell
Action potential
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an
impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
Depolarization
Voltage-sensitive Na+ channels open, Na+ moves into the axon (this
reverses the voltage across the membrane, interior becomes +)
Synapse
special junction between axon terminus and target cell
Myelin
an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the
brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
Name the five skin sensory receptors and what they detect
Unencapsulated dendrites (detect pain, light pressure, and changes in temperature), merkel disks (detect light touch and pressure), meissner’s corpuscles (detect beginning and end of light touch and pressure), ruffini ends
(respond to ongoing pressure), pacinian corpuscles (detect deep pressure and high-frequency vibration)
Name the five taste categories detected by the tongue
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
Name the sound pathway for hearing
Auditory canal, Tympanic membrane, Auditory ossicles, Oval Window of Cochlea, Fluid in cochlear duct, Organ of Corti, Vestibulocochlear nerve, Brain
The Utricle and Saccule sense
linear acceleration and head position
The semicircular canals sense
sensing rotational movement
Name the vision pathway for seeing
Cornea, Aqueous humor, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous humor, Retina, Optic nerve, Brain
Describe Diabetes mellitus (what it is, the two types and how they differ, chronic
complications)
Diabetes mellitus is the disorder of blood sugar regulation. The two types are 1 (pancreas
does not produce enough insulin) and 2 (insulin-resistant, cell fails to respond
appropriately to insulin). High blood glucose can cause other health problems over time,
such as heart disease, nerve damage, eye problems, and kidney disease
What is the difference between steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones? (How
does each one interact with the target cell).
By diffusing over the cell membrane, steroid hormones enter the target cell and bind to
intracellular receptors to create a complex. Once in the nucleus, the hormone-receptor
complex binds to DNA and activates certain genes, leading to the production and
translation of mRNA. A protein-based product triggers cellular hormone responses.
slower acting than non steroid hormones; takes hours to days to take effect
steroid-free hormones bind to cell membrane receptors on the target - Work with existing
enzymes through intermediary processes. may involve a cellular “second messenger” like
cyclic AMP (cAMP). steroid hormones, which take seconds to minutes to take effect, are
quicker.
Muscle spindel
stretch receptors that signal the length and changes in length of muscles.
Cochlea
the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations
Tympanic membrane
separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves
reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate.’
Myopia
common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther
away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of
the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately
Sensory adaptation
the way our senses adjust to different stimuli.
Calcitonin
a hormone that helps control the level of calcium in your blood. Calcitonin is made in your thyroid gland by cells called “C cells
Fovea
a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The
center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly
concentrated
Otitis media
an infection of the middle ear that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) and a build-up of fluid behind the eardrum.
Rods Vs Cones
Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision).
They do not mediate color vision, and have a low spatial acuity. Cones are active at
higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision and are responsible for
high spatial acuity
Pituitary Gland
Produces oxytocin, prolactin, TSH, ADH, human growth hormone
Thyroid gland
produces thyroid hormone, calcintonin
Adrenal Gland
produces norepinephrine, Glucocorticoid Hormone
Pancreas
produces insulin
Name the four layers of the G.I tract and the components of eacjh
Mucosa (innermost layer, mucous membrane in
contact with the lumen), Submucosa (layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves), Muscularis (two or three layers of smooth
muscle, responsible for movement, motility), and Serosa (outermost layer)
Why doesn’t gastric juice digest the stomach lining and wall?
Protective barrier of mucus between stomach wall and acid environment. Produced by specific cells of the stomach
Name the contents of gastric juice
Hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, mucus, and pepsinogen
Name the functions of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
The liver produces bile which emulsified lipids. The gall bladder concentrates and stores bile. the pancreas secretes enzymes and produces sodium bicarbonate
Function of kidney
Contribute to maintenance of water balance
Contribute to maintenance of salt balance
Secrete an enzyme involved in the control of
blood volume and blood pressure
Maintain acid−base balance and blood pH
Regulate red blood cell production via
erythropoietin
Activate an inactive form of vitamin D
Name three processes involved in the process of urine
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
Name the general recommendations for a healthy diet
Eat a variety of foods, maintain a healthy weight, eat plenty of fruits and vegetables and whole grains, consume sugar in moderation, consume about a table spoon of salt a day, drink alcohol in moderation
Name the four distinct regions of the nephron tubules
Proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
Sphincters: A ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close a passage or opening in the body
2). Saliva: watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands, providing lubrication for chewing and swallowing, and aiding digestion
3). Epiglottis: closes airway temporarily so food will not enter the trachea
4). Chyme: watery mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is delivered to the small intestine
5). Excretion: processes that remove wastes and excess materials from the body
6). ADH:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced
7) diuretic: diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. T
8) glomerular capsule: cup-shaped structure with a thin double membrane surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney. It serves as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water.
9) gastrin: a hormone which stimulates secretion of gastric juice and is secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to the presence of food.
