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Biology 102: Exams > Bio Exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Synergistic Muscles

A

Muscles that work together to create the same movement

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2
Q

Antagonistic Muscles

A

Muscles that oppose each other

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3
Q

Muscle Origin

A

End of muscle that attaches to relatively stationary bone

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4
Q

Muscle Insertion

A

End of muscles attached to another bone across a joint; action pulls insertion toward origin

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5
Q

Muscle fascicle

A

Bundles of muscle fibers (cells) wrapped with
connective tissue (fascia)

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6
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

force is generated, muscle doesn’t shorten, no movement

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7
Q

hematocrit

A

the percentage of whole blood that consists of red blood cells

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8
Q

components of hemoglobin

A

2 alpha protein chains
2 beta protein chains
4 heme groups
4 iron

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9
Q

EPO

A

stimulates stem cells in bone marrow and causes
increase in red blood cell production

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10
Q

anemia

A

reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity due to inadequate number of red blood cells or
inadequate hemoglobin

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11
Q

Rh Factor

A

another antigen found on red blood cell
surfaces

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12
Q

Describe the three types of muscle. Which are striated? Which are involuntary?

A

The three types of muscles are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated while smooth muscles are involuntary

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13
Q

Describe the FOUR steps in muscle contraction

A
  1. Skeletal muscle must be activated by a nerve
  2. Nerve activation increases the concentration of calcium ions in
    the vicinity of the contractile proteins
  3. Presence of calcium permits contractions
  4. When nerve stimulation stops, contraction stops
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14
Q

Name the THREE main functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation of nutrients, waste, hormones
  2. Regulation of body temperature, water volume,
    pH
  3. Defense against infections and bleeding
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15
Q

What are the components of the formed elements of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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16
Q

erythrocyte

A

Biconcave discs, no nucleus

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17
Q

Lymphocyte

A

produces antibodies, part of long- term immunity

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18
Q

Neutrophil

A

Increased in bacterial infections

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19
Q

Monocyte

A

called a macrophage when entering tissues

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20
Q

eosinophil

A

increased in parasitic infections

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21
Q

platelet

A

part of the clotting mechanism

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22
Q

Which of the above cells are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil and Eosinophil

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23
Q

What is hemostasis? What are the Three stages of hemostasis?

A

Hemostasis stops blood loss. The three stages are: 1) Vascular Spasm: constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow 2) Platelet plug formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel 3) Coagulation: formation of a blood clot

24
Q

Type A Blood

A

Antigen A, Anti-B Antibody, Can receive a or O blood

25
Q

Type B Blood

A

Antibody B, Anti-A Antibody, can receive b or o blood

26
Q

AB Blood

A

Antigen A and B, No antibody, can recieve A, B, AB, O

27
Q

O Blood

A

Neither, can recieve o

28
Q

Precapillary Sphincter

A

Control blood flow from arterioles into capillaries

29
Q

Vasodilation

A

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles that increase blood flow to capillaries

30
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Contraction of vascular smooth muscles that decrease the blood flow to capillaries

31
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous sac that protects and anchors the heart

32
Q

Describe the three layers of the heart {name +short description}

A

1) Epicardium (thin layer of epithelial and connective tissues), 2) Myocardium (thick layer of cardiac muscle that contracts when heart beats), 3) Endocardium (thin layer of endothelial tissue; continuous with lining of blood).

33
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Tracks the electrical activity of the heart

34
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

A device used to measure blood pressure

35
Q

Baroreceptor

A

Maintain arterial blood pressure. Pressure receptors in aorta and carotid arteries

36
Q

Name the Five parts of the cardiac conduction system

A

Sinoatrial (AV) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, AV bundle, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

37
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart

A

Two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers)

38
Q

Name the TWO circuits of the cardiovascular system AND what each one does

A

The two circuits are Pulmonary circuit (lungs) and systemic circuit (rest of body). The pulmonary circuit is when blood picks up O2, and gets rid of CO2. The systemic circuit is when O2 is used, CO2 waste is produced

39
Q

Start in the R atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle through
The pulmonary semilunar valve into the Pulmonary artery then to the LUNGS.

A
40
Q

The Lungs to the L atrium through the mitral valve
into the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve
Into the AORTA to the rest of the body.

A
41
Q

What is “normal” blood pressure? What is systolic pressure? What is diastolic pressure?

A

Normal blood pressure is when the systolic pressure is <120mmHg and when diastolic pressure is <80mmHg. Systolic pressure is the highest pressure, as blood is ejected during ventricular systole. Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure, as blood returns to the heart during ventricular diastole

42
Q

What is a myocardial infarction? What causes it?

A

Sudden death of an area of myocardium that does permanent damage to the heart. During a heart attack, a lack of blood flow causes the tissue in the heart muscle to die. A heart attack occurs when the flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked.

43
Q

What happens during a P-wave

A

Impulse across atria

44
Q

What happens during t-wave

A

end of electrical activity in ventricles

45
Q

What happens during QRS complex

A

spread of impulse down septum, around ventricles in Purkinje fibers

46
Q

Name the living and non-living disease-causing agents

A

The living disease-causing agents are bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The non-
living disease causing agents are viruses and prions

47
Q

What is hypertension? Why is it so important?

A

Hpertension is sustained elevation in blood pressure. It’s important because
hypertension causes strain on the cardiovascular system, blood vessels become
hardened and scarred, and strain on the hear. “Silent Killer”

48
Q

Name the characteristics of bacteria

A

Single-celled, use a variety of resources for growth and reproduction, and
prokaryotic.

49
Q

What is the general structure of a virus?

A

contains DNA or RNA (not both) and nucleic acid is surrounded by a protein
coat. Capsid

50
Q

Name the FIVE classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

51
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Maintenance of blood volume in the cardiovascular system, transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive system to cardiovascular system, filtration of foreign material to defend against infection

52
Q

What is AIDS? What is the cause? How is it spread? What immune system cell gets infected?

A

AIDS is acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It is caused by infection with HIV. In males, AIDS is spread by having sex with other men or sharing needles during drug use and also having sex with heterosexual females who have HIV. For women, its when they have sex with HIV-infected men or sharing needles during drug use. T cells get targeted.

53
Q

What are the components of the “second line of defense” in the body?

A

The components are fever response, interferons, complement proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytic cells.

54
Q

Prion

A

Abnormal, pathogenic agents that are transmissible and are able to induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins

55
Q

Virulence

A

How much damage is caused by infection
mode of transmission: Respiratory, fecal–oral, body fluids, direct contact

56
Q

Antibiotics: medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply
immunosuppressive drugs: prevent patient’s immune system from attacking transplanted tissue
Allergen: any substance (antigen) that causes an allergic reaction (not a pathogen, but the body reacts as though it is a pathogen)
autoimmune disorder: Inability of immune system to distinguish “self” from “non-self
Antigen: any substance that triggers an immune response
lymph node: small, bean-shaped organs that filter substances in your body.
monoclonal antibodies: Specific antibodies produced in the laboratory by a hybrid B cell clone
helper T-cell: a type of immune cell. When they sense an infection, they activate other immune cells to fight it.
plasma cell: actively secrete antibodies, which will bind to antigen

A

Biology 102: Exams (5 decks)

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