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Bio exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Redox reaction

A

Reactions involving electron transfers
Oxidation and reduction

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2
Q

Oxidation

A

atom or compound loses an electron

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3
Q

Reduction

A

Atom or compound gains an electron

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

biosynthetic metabolism (small to big)

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

energy-yielding metabolism (big to small)

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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP which can be used for energy

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Pyrutave oxidation, Citric acid cycle, and Oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

Glycolysis

A

Takes place in the cytoplasm in two phases
– Energy investment phase
– Energy payoff phase
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid whether or not O2 is present

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9
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

a biochemical reaction that involves the oxidation of pyruvate to create acetyl

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10
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
* Converts Acetyl CoA to CO2

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11
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Takes place in the inner
mitochondrial membrane
* NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to multiprotein complexes

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

uses electrons transport chain with final electron acceptors other than O2

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13
Q

Fermentation

A

uses substrate-level phosphorylation to generate ATP

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14
Q

Autotrophs

A

(self-eating) organisms that make their own energy by using light to self eat

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15
Q

Heterotrophs

A

(Different eater) Animals that eat other things (carnivores, omnivores)

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16
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

oval-shaped and have two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane.
The space within the inner membrane is the stroma, the dense fluid within the chloroplast.

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17
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

indicates the wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment.
indicates the overall rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light.

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18
Q

Action spectrum

A

is the light that plants use for photosynthesis and reactions critical to plant growth

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19
Q

What is the anatomy of a photosystem?

A

a reaction center, where the photochemistry occurs, and an antenna complex, which surrounds the reaction center

20
Q

Steps of the Calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration

21
Q

Photorespiration

A

is a process that occurs in Calvin Cycle during plant metabolism. In this process, the key enzyme RuBisCO is responsible for The fixing of carbon dioxide which reacts with oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.

22
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

23
Q

Prophase

A

During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope (the membrane surrounding the nucleus) breaks down

24
Q

Prometaphase

A

the chromosomes condense inside the nuclear envelope and asters of fibers appear on the outside of the chromosomes

25
Q

Metaphase

A

the nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell.

26
Q

Anaphase

A

each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromatid

27
Q

Telophase

A

a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm

28
Q

Interphase

A

resting phase in cell division that allows the cell to grow. Has 3 phases, G1, S and G2

29
Q

G1 and G2 phase

A

cell growth

30
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis

31
Q

Cytokinesis

A

happens after mitosis, separates the cell

32
Q

What is the difference between Kinetochore and Non-Kinetochore microtubules?

A

Kinetochore microtubules are connected to the kinetochores of chromosomes
Non-kinetochore microtubules are not connected to chromosomes during mitosis.

33
Q

What are the different types of Asexual reproduction?

A

Budding, Facultative Parthenogenesis, Accidental Parthenogenesis,

34
Q

Budding

A

a new organism is developed from a small part of the parent’s body

35
Q

Facultative Parthenogenesis

A

when a female can produce offspring either sexually or via asexual reproduction

36
Q

Accidental Parthenogenesis

A

the very rare hatching of unfertilized eggs in sexual populations, often due to reproductive errors

37
Q

What are the benefits of sex?

A

Genetic diversity, unique combinations of offspring

38
Q

Ploidy

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism

39
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes

40
Q

Diploid

A

two sets of chromosomes

41
Q

Homology

A

similarity due to common origin at all levels

42
Q

What are the steps of meiosis 1?

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Crossing over happens in meiosis 1

43
Q

What are the steps of Meiosis 2?

A

Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2

44
Q

What events are unique to meiosis?

A

the formation of a synapse, and crossing over.

45
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

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