Bio exam 1 Flashcards
(83 cards)
Hypothesis
Have to be tentative, testable, and falsifiable
Tentative
will reject or fail to reject after testing
Falsifiable
There must be an outcome where it is false
Scientific theory
A well-tested and wildly accepted scientific hypothesis
Scientific law
A description of what is found in nature, repeatedly in the same nature without exception.
Atoms
the smallest units of matter that still retain the properties of their elements
Electron energy levels
fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found.
Electron energy levels explained
Third shell (highest energy)
Second shell (higher energy)
First shell (lowest energy)
Covalent bond
When the valence electrons from one atom are shared between 2 or more particular atoms
Ionic bond
When valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another to complete the outer shell
Intermolecular Forces
an attractive force that arises between the positive components (or protons) of one molecule and the negative components (or electrons) of another molecule
Electronegativity & Hydrogen bond
The tendency of an atom to draw electrons to itself in a compound
Why is shape important?
The shape can determine a lot about compounds & which is important if you change a compound, shape, you change the whole compound’s properties
Water
water binds to itself, is a universal solvent, helps transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients.
Metalic bond
when valence electrons are not associated with a particular atom or ion but exist as a cloud of electrons around ion centers
Isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures & properties
Cis Isomer
When the 2 xs are on the same side
Trans Isomer
When the 2 xs are on opposite sides
Hydroxyl Group (Alcohols)
Is polar because electrons spend more time near the electronegative oxygen form
Carbonyl (ketones or aldehydes)
Ketones: if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehydes: if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
Both found in sugars and may be structural isomers with different properties
Carboxyl (carboxyl acids or organic acids)
-Acts as an acid can detonate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
-Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion
Amino (amines)
Acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution
found in cells in ionized form with 1+ charge
Sulfhydryl (thiols)
2 sulfhydryl can react and form a covalent bond
Phosphate (organic phosphates)
Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy