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Bio exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Have to be tentative, testable, and falsifiable

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2
Q

Tentative

A

will reject or fail to reject after testing

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3
Q

Falsifiable

A

There must be an outcome where it is false

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4
Q

Scientific theory

A

A well-tested and wildly accepted scientific hypothesis

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5
Q

Scientific law

A

A description of what is found in nature, repeatedly in the same nature without exception.

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6
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that still retain the properties of their elements

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7
Q

Electron energy levels

A

fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found.

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8
Q

Electron energy levels explained

A

Third shell (highest energy)
Second shell (higher energy)
First shell (lowest energy)

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9
Q

Covalent bond

A

When the valence electrons from one atom are shared between 2 or more particular atoms

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10
Q

Ionic bond

A

When valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another to complete the outer shell

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11
Q

Intermolecular Forces

A

an attractive force that arises between the positive components (or protons) of one molecule and the negative components (or electrons) of another molecule

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12
Q

Electronegativity & Hydrogen bond

A

The tendency of an atom to draw electrons to itself in a compound

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13
Q

Why is shape important?

A

The shape can determine a lot about compounds & which is important if you change a compound, shape, you change the whole compound’s properties

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14
Q

Water

A

water binds to itself, is a universal solvent, helps transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients.

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15
Q

Metalic bond

A

when valence electrons are not associated with a particular atom or ion but exist as a cloud of electrons around ion centers

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16
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures & properties

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17
Q

Cis Isomer

A

When the 2 xs are on the same side

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18
Q

Trans Isomer

A

When the 2 xs are on opposite sides

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19
Q

Hydroxyl Group (Alcohols)

A

Is polar because electrons spend more time near the electronegative oxygen form

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20
Q

Carbonyl (ketones or aldehydes)

A

Ketones: if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehydes: if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
Both found in sugars and may be structural isomers with different properties

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21
Q

Carboxyl (carboxyl acids or organic acids)

A

-Acts as an acid can detonate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
-Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion

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22
Q

Amino (amines)

A

Acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution
found in cells in ionized form with 1+ charge

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23
Q

Sulfhydryl (thiols)

A

2 sulfhydryl can react and form a covalent bond

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24
Q

Phosphate (organic phosphates)

A

Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy

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25
Q

Methyl (methylated compounds)

A

addition of methyl group to DNA affects the expression of genes
Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function

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26
Q

Acid vs Base

A

Acids have more H+ ions

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27
Q

Structural isomers

A

have a different covalent arrangement of atoms.
Different connectivity

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28
Q

Geometric isomers

A

have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond
same connectivity but the location of atoms is different

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29
Q

Enantiomers

A

are mirror images of each other.

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30
Q

Catastrophism

A

the idea that something big had to happen for earths layers to form

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31
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

the idea that Earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is the key to the past.

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32
Q

Decent with modification

A

the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor

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33
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Natural scale, a way to measure natural things

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34
Q

What did Lamark get wrong?

A

Use and disuse
Drive to the complexity

35
Q

What did Lamark get right?

A

Gradual evolutionary
change
Testable hypothesis
Rejected catastrophism

36
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

a system of naming plants and animals in which each species is given a name consisting of two terms of which the first names the genus and the second the species itself.

37
Q

Artifitial selection

A

created by humans ex. breading

38
Q

Natural selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

39
Q

What was Darwins first inference about natural selection?

A

Individuals whose inherited traits give
them a higher probability of surviving and
reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals

40
Q

What was Darwins second inference about natural selection?

A

This unequal ability of individuals to
survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation
of favorable traits in the population over generations

41
Q

Decent with modification

A

the anatomical traits and other features of populations change over time from generation to generation

42
Q

What are some examples of evolution?

A

Drug-resistant bacteria
Birds that eat different things having different beaks

43
Q

Homology

A

those features that are similar in structure and position in two or more organisms because these features existed in and were inherited from a common ancestor

44
Q

Analogy

A

Traits that look the same but evolved separately

45
Q

Convergent evolution

A

occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures

46
Q

Intermediate forms fossil

A

the transitional stage between the ancestral form and its living descendants

47
Q

Living fossils

A

A fossil that hasn’t changed for billions of years. Almost exactly resembles the living thing

48
Q

Biogeography

A

the geographic distribution of
species provides evidence of
evolution

49
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were formally small prokaryotes living with larger host cells

50
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

an important point in the history of life on Earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record

51
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

is the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

52
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

53
Q

Starches

A

polysaccharides of glucose in plants

54
Q

Glycogen

A

polysaccharides in animals

55
Q

Alpha glucose

A

Gives a helix/spiral

56
Q

Beta glucose

A

gives a straight line

57
Q

Cellulose

A

major component of wall in plant cells, polymer of glucose

58
Q

Chitin

A

polysaccharide found in excoskeleten

59
Q

Lipids

A

do not come from polymers

60
Q

Fats

A

made of glycerol and fatty acids

61
Q

Glycerol

A

3-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

62
Q

Fatty acid

A

consists of carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

63
Q

Adipose cells

A

Energy storage, stores fat
Tissue cushions vital organs and insulates the body

64
Q

Phospholipids

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

65
Q

Steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

66
Q

Cholesterol

A

an important steroid
is a component in animal cell membranes (needed for the body)

67
Q

Proteins

A

storage, structural support, transport, cellular communication, movement, defense against foreign substances

68
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

69
Q

Storage proteins

A

storage of amino acids

70
Q

Hormonal proteins

A

coordination of an organisms activities

71
Q

Contact and motor proteins

A

Movement (muscle tissue)

72
Q

Defensive proteins

A

protection against disease

73
Q

Transport proteins

A

transport substances

74
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

75
Q

Structural proteins

A

support

76
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that act like a catalyst

77
Q

Polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

78
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary structure

79
Q

Primary structure

A

order of amino acids (usually straight)

80
Q

Secondary structure

A

the coils and folds resulting in hydrogen bonds

81
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Interactions between R groups rather than between backbone constitutes

82
Q

Quaternary structure

A

when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

83
Q

Why is shape important for proteins?

A

Shape determines how the protein interacts

Bio (4 decks)

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