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Bio exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Have to be tentative, testable, and falsifiable

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2
Q

Tentative

A

will reject or fail to reject after testing

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3
Q

Falsifiable

A

There must be an outcome where it is false

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4
Q

Scientific theory

A

A well-tested and wildly accepted scientific hypothesis

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5
Q

Scientific law

A

A description of what is found in nature, repeatedly in the same nature without exception.

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6
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest units of matter that still retain the properties of their elements

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7
Q

Electron energy levels

A

fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found.

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8
Q

Electron energy levels explained

A

Third shell (highest energy)
Second shell (higher energy)
First shell (lowest energy)

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9
Q

Covalent bond

A

When the valence electrons from one atom are shared between 2 or more particular atoms

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10
Q

Ionic bond

A

When valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another to complete the outer shell

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11
Q

Intermolecular Forces

A

an attractive force that arises between the positive components (or protons) of one molecule and the negative components (or electrons) of another molecule

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12
Q

Electronegativity & Hydrogen bond

A

The tendency of an atom to draw electrons to itself in a compound

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13
Q

Why is shape important?

A

The shape can determine a lot about compounds & which is important if you change a compound, shape, you change the whole compound’s properties

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14
Q

Water

A

water binds to itself, is a universal solvent, helps transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients.

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15
Q

Metalic bond

A

when valence electrons are not associated with a particular atom or ion but exist as a cloud of electrons around ion centers

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16
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures & properties

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17
Q

Cis Isomer

A

When the 2 xs are on the same side

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18
Q

Trans Isomer

A

When the 2 xs are on opposite sides

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19
Q

Hydroxyl Group (Alcohols)

A

Is polar because electrons spend more time near the electronegative oxygen form

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20
Q

Carbonyl (ketones or aldehydes)

A

Ketones: if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
Aldehydes: if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
Both found in sugars and may be structural isomers with different properties

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21
Q

Carboxyl (carboxyl acids or organic acids)

A

-Acts as an acid can detonate an H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
-Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion

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22
Q

Amino (amines)

A

Acts as a base, can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution
found in cells in ionized form with 1+ charge

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23
Q

Sulfhydryl (thiols)

A

2 sulfhydryl can react and form a covalent bond

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24
Q

Phosphate (organic phosphates)

A

Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy

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25
Methyl (methylated compounds)
addition of methyl group to DNA affects the expression of genes Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function
26
Acid vs Base
Acids have more H+ ions
27
Structural isomers
have a different covalent arrangement of atoms. Different connectivity
28
Geometric isomers
have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond same connectivity but the location of atoms is different
29
Enantiomers
are mirror images of each other.
30
Catastrophism
the idea that something big had to happen for earths layers to form
31
Uniformitarianism
the idea that Earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is the key to the past.
32
Decent with modification
the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor
33
Scala Naturae
Natural scale, a way to measure natural things
34
What did Lamark get wrong?
Use and disuse Drive to the complexity
35
What did Lamark get right?
Gradual evolutionary change Testable hypothesis Rejected catastrophism
36
Binomial Nomenclature
a system of naming plants and animals in which each species is given a name consisting of two terms of which the first names the genus and the second the species itself.
37
Artifitial selection
created by humans ex. breading
38
Natural selection
the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change
39
What was Darwins first inference about natural selection?
Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals
40
What was Darwins second inference about natural selection?
This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations
41
Decent with modification
the anatomical traits and other features of populations change over time from generation to generation
42
What are some examples of evolution?
Drug-resistant bacteria Birds that eat different things having different beaks
43
Homology
those features that are similar in structure and position in two or more organisms because these features existed in and were inherited from a common ancestor
44
Analogy
Traits that look the same but evolved separately
45
Convergent evolution
occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures
46
Intermediate forms fossil
the transitional stage between the ancestral form and its living descendants
47
Living fossils
A fossil that hasn't changed for billions of years. Almost exactly resembles the living thing
48
Biogeography
the geographic distribution of species provides evidence of evolution
49
Endosymbiont theory
proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were formally small prokaryotes living with larger host cells
50
Cambrian explosion
an important point in the history of life on Earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record
51
Dehydration synthesis
is the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released
52
Hydrolysis
the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
53
Starches
polysaccharides of glucose in plants
54
Glycogen
polysaccharides in animals
55
Alpha glucose
Gives a helix/spiral
56
Beta glucose
gives a straight line
57
Cellulose
major component of wall in plant cells, polymer of glucose
58
Chitin
polysaccharide found in excoskeleten
59
Lipids
do not come from polymers
60
Fats
made of glycerol and fatty acids
61
Glycerol
3-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
62
Fatty acid
consists of carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton
63
Adipose cells
Energy storage, stores fat Tissue cushions vital organs and insulates the body
64
Phospholipids
two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
65
Steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
66
Cholesterol
an important steroid is a component in animal cell membranes (needed for the body)
67
Proteins
storage, structural support, transport, cellular communication, movement, defense against foreign substances
68
Enzymatic Proteins
selective acceleration of chemical reactions
69
Storage proteins
storage of amino acids
70
Hormonal proteins
coordination of an organisms activities
71
Contact and motor proteins
Movement (muscle tissue)
72
Defensive proteins
protection against disease
73
Transport proteins
transport substances
74
Receptor proteins
Response of cell to chemical stimuli
75
Structural proteins
support
76
Enzymes
proteins that act like a catalyst
77
Polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
78
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary structure
79
Primary structure
order of amino acids (usually straight)
80
Secondary structure
the coils and folds resulting in hydrogen bonds
81
Tertiary structure
Interactions between R groups rather than between backbone constitutes
82
Quaternary structure
when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
83
Why is shape important for proteins?
Shape determines how the protein interacts

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