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Bio exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Can vary in what they look like
The outer shell is called the capsule
No nucleus but has a nucleoid
unorganized organelles
example:bacteria

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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

has a clearly defined Nucleus that controls what goes in and out
organized organelles
Example: animal, plant and fungi cells

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3
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

Surface area (height x width) / volume (L x W x H)

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4
Q

Square cube law

A

points out that volume grows exponentially faster than surface area with increasing size

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5
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

is a method to separate subcellular components, and isolate organelles and other subcellular components from one another.

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6
Q

All basic cells have

A

cell membrane, DNA or RNA, Nucleus/nucleoid, someplace to make proteins(ribosomes)

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

aka plasma membrane. Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

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8
Q

DNA

A

Hereditary material in almost all organisms. Storing and transferring genetic information.

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9
Q

RNA

A

a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA. Directly codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger btwn DNA and ribosomes to make protiens

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls and regulates the activities of the cell and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary info.

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11
Q

Nucleoid

A

Irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most genetic maerial

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12
Q

The endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Continuous with the nuclear envelope. Two regions: smooth and rough ER

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13
Q

Smooth ER

A

Makes cellular products
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
stores Calcium ions

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14
Q

Rough ER

A

converted in ribosomes that secrete glycoprotiens
Distributes transport vesicles
Membrane factory of the cell

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15
Q

The Golgi Apparatus

A

Shipping and receiving center
modifies ER products
Manufactures some macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sac of enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
Fuses with vacuoles and digests their contents

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17
Q

Autophagy

A

the body’s cellular recycling system
Self-eating, Digesting old components into something useful

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18
Q

Vacuoles

A

surrounded by a thin membrane filled with fluid and any molecules that they take in

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19
Q

Food vacuoles

A

has digestive functions
formed by phagocytosis

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20
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

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21
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

Found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

In almost all eukaryotic cells
Inner membrane folded into ridges
the powerhouse of the cell

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23
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Specialized compartments bound by a single membrane

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

gives cell structure
Microtubules: thickest
Intermediate: mid-sized
Microfilaments: Thinnest (actin)

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25
Q

ATP

A

Carries vesicles and walks along the microtubule of cytoskeleton

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26
Q

nucleolus

A

Synthesizes ribosomes

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27
Q

Microtubles

A

Hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long
Shape the cell
Guiding organelle movement
Separates chromosomes during cell division

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28
Q

Centrosome

A

Cellular structure involved in the process of cell division
Microtubules grow out of them
Near the nucleus

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29
Q

Centrioles

A

organize microtubules
located inside centrosome

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30
Q

Dynein

A

Family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules

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31
Q

Cornelis Drebbel

A

Dutch engineer that created the first compound Microscope in 1620’s

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32
Q

Zacharias Jansen and Hans Lippershey

A

They both received credit for inventing the compound microscope in 1590

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33
Q

Galileo

A

He didn’t discover the microscope, but her improved the design

34
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Gave cells their name

35
Q

Microfilaments

A

Twisted double chains of actin
Make up the core of microovilli
work with myosin to drive muscle contractions and cytoplasmic streaming

36
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Support cell shape and fix organelles in place
More permanent that microtubules or microfilaments

37
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
Made up of glycoproteins like collagen, proteoglycans and fibronection

38
Q

Tight Junctions

A

neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

39
Q

Desmosomes

A

Fasten cells together into sheets

40
Q

Gap Junctions

A

gaps in the cell membrane that provide channels between adjacent animal cells

41
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

gaps in the cell wall that provide channels between adjacent plant cells

42
Q

Selective permeability

A

Cell membranes ability to differentiate between different molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others

43
Q

The fluid Mosaic Model

A

Created by Seymore Singer and Garth Nicolson
Describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of different types of molecules that are always moving

44
Q

What keeps the membrane fluid?

A

Lipid movement
Lateral movement happens 10 to the 7th timers per second
Flip flopping across the membrane is rare (once per month)

45
Q

Fluid

A

Keeps the cell membrane fluid
(Lipids) unsaturated Hydrocarbon tails (ununiform)

46
Q

Viscous

A

Keeps the cell membrane liquid
(lipids) Saturated carbon tails (uniform)

47
Q

Cholesterol Fuildity Buffering

A

keeps cell membrane liquid
Warm temps: restrains movement
Cool temps: Preventing tight packing

48
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Molecules formed by amino acids
attaches to the membrane and doesn’t go through

49
Q

Integral proteins

A

locks into the cellular membrane but doesn’t go all the way through the membrane

50
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

goes all the way through the membrane

51
Q

Major functions of membrane proteins

A

Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
intercellular joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and (ECM)

52
Q

Passive transport

A

A type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes
moves along the concentration gradient

53
Q

Concentration gradients

A

Happens when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

54
Q

Bulk transport

A

The process where large substances (or large amounts of smaller substances) enter the cell without crossing the membrane using vesicles

55
Q

Osmosis

A

Functions according to solute
The movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules through the cells membrane

56
Q

Coupled transport (Cotransport)

A

Active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other solutes

57
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

the sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that lead to the conversion of a substance into a final product

58
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

59
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Consume energy to build molecules

60
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction where energy is being used in the overall reaction

61
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

releases energy in the process of the reaction

62
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cant be created or destroyed

63
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

during energy transfer, some energy is lost

64
Q

Free energy

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

65
Q

Gibbs free energy (triangle G) equation

A

(triangle)G= (triangle)H - T(triangle)S

66
Q

Catalysts

A

speed up or enable reactions without being consumed
enzymes are catalytic proteins

67
Q

Substrates

A

the reactants that enzymes act upon

68
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

Substrate binds to the active site

69
Q

Induced fit

A

the model shows that enzyme and substrate change their shape a bit so that they bind together tightly

70
Q

Lock and key

A

Enzymes and substrates are in specific shapes that fit exactly with one another

71
Q

Entropy

A

the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is not available for doing useful work
(unusable energy)

72
Q

3 types of signal transduction pathways

A
  1. Direct Signaling
  2. Local signaling
  3. Long-distance singnaling
73
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

two mating types a and a(cursive)
mating types locate each other via secreted factors

74
Q

Direct signaling

A

Communication between cells that are in direct contact with each other

75
Q

Local signaling

A

includes:
Paracrine signaling: a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of local regulator into the extracellular fluid
Synaptic signaling: A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell.

76
Q

Long-Distance signaling

A

signals are produced by specialized cells and released into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of body

77
Q

3 stages of cell signaling

A

Reception(reception desk or cashier)
Transduction(order gets made)
Response (received food)

78
Q

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

A

convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses (transduction)

79
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)

A

act as a signal to mediate cell-to-cell communication

80
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors

A

Integral membrane proteins that contain a pore that allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane

81
Q

Ligand

A

any molecule or atom that irreversibly binds to a receiving protein molecule (receptor)

82
Q

Protein Kinase cascade

A

A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell by sequential protein phosphorylation and activation of the cascade components

Bio (4 decks)

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