Bio Exam 2 Flashcards
Players involved in cardio system
blood, blood vessels, heart
3 types of blood vessels
arteries, cappilaries, veins
Artery functions
Carry O2 rich blood AWAY from heart to capillaries, contains smooth muscle
Largest artery in body
Aorta
Capillary functions
CONNECT Arteries to veins
Exchange nutrients w/ tissues
Small/narrow
Form vast networks - creates capillary beds
Huge role in homeostasis
Vein functions
Takes O2-POOR blood TOWARD heart
What are venules
“small veins” that drain blood from capillaries + join together to form a vein
Vena Cava
Largest vein
Superior Vena Cava - top of heart
Inferior Vena Cava - bottom of heart
Varicose veins
Occurs when blood pools in veins, causing them to enlarge
3 main functions of blood
Transport - nutrients, wastes, hormones
Homeostasis Maintenance - body temp/blood pressure
Immunity - disease
Red Blood Cells qualities
AKA Erythrocytes
Made in bone marrow
Carry oxygen (hemoglobins)
Lack nuclei + other organelles
Anemia is when…
Not enough red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin
White Blood Cells qualities
AKA luekocytes
Have nuclei
No hemoglobin
Role in fighting infection (generating immunity)
Too much(Mono) / little(AIDS) white blood cells - disease
Constant production of white blood cells = Leukemia
What is myocardium
cardiac muscle tissue of the heart
Describe the functions of the septum
separates nasal cavity into left/right sides
Describe the 4 heart chambers
2 atria - upper heart, thin-walled, receive blood
2 ventricles - lower heart, thick-walled, pump blood
Right Atrium/Ventricle contain…
Deoxygenated Blood
Left Atrium/Ventricle contain…
Oxygenated Blood
Describe the path of blood through right side of heart
blood travels to vena cava (inferior + superior) to right atrium to right ventricle through tricuspid valve then to pulmonary valve (artery) where it is then carried to lungs
Describe the path of blood through left side of heart
Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to left atrium, through bicuspid (aka mitral) valve to left ventricle, blood then pushed to aorta
Compare systole/diastole + blood pressure
Systole - contraction of heart muscle
Diastole - relaxation of heart muscle
Blood pressure = systolic #/diastolic #
Explain function of Medulla Oblongata
Regulates heartbeat
Functions of respiratory system
Allow oxygen to enter blood
Allow C02 to exit
maintain homeostasis w/ cardio system
Explain external respiration
Exchange O2 and CO2 between air and blood
Explain internal respiration
Exchange gases between blood and tissue fluid
Identify what upper respiratory tract contains + explain functions (4)
Nasal cavities
Pharynx - chamber behind oral cavity
Glottis - opening into Larynx
Larynx- houses vocal cords/box
Identify what lower respiratory tract contains + explain functions (5)
Trachea - tube that connect larynx + bronchi, aka windpipe
Bronchi - 2 tubes that connect trachea to lungs
Bronchiole - branched tubes that lead from bronchi to alveoli
Lungs - contain alveoli and blood vessels
Alveoli - small air sacs in lungs, gas exchange occurs here
Explain function of spirometer + tidal volume
Measures ventilation, records volume of exchanged air
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled at rest
Describe Boyle’s Law
At constant temperature, pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Inspiration/Expiration
Diaphragm contracts and relaxes
Identify the 2 goals of reproduction
Produce gametes (sex cells)
Pass on genes to offspring
Explain the Epididymis
Where sperm mature, becomes motile
Explain the Vas Deferens
Tube that carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
Explain prostate gland
Surrounds upper portion of urethra, makes seminal fluid to transport sperm
Explain prostaglandins
Hormones required for uterus to contract, propel sperm to egg
Explain Spermatogenesis
Complex mitotic and meiotic divisions that occur in testes, occurs on seminiferous tubules (sperm formed)
Elaborate on the head/middle/tail of sperm contain
Head- nucleus+enzymes
Middle- mitochondria
Tail- Called flagellum
Identify/Explain the 3 Hormones in Spermatogenesis
Luteinizing Hormone - promotes cells to secrete testosterone
Follicular Stimulating Hormone - Controls amount of sperm made
Testosterone- male main sex hormone, lots of functions
Explain ovaries functions
Female gonads that make eggs (oocytes)
Oogenesis (production of eggs)
Uterine Tubes
AKA Fallopian tubes
Where sperm and egg unite
Oviducts
Explain Fimbriae function
Move oocytes within fallopian tubes
Explain Uterus
Hollow organ where embryo grows/develops
Explain cervix
Narrow portion of uterus above vagina
Oocytes are propelled by ___ + ___
ciliary movement an muscular contraction
Function of endocrine system
Secretion of hormones
What are hormones
Chemicals that affect behavior of other glands/tissues, often found far away from actual hormone production site
What is the function of glands
Create and secrete hormones
3 components of Endocrine system
Hormones, glands, homeostasis
Function of hypothalamus
Regulate homeostasis in 2 ways- autonomically and controls secretion of pituitary gland (directly connected)
Explain Adrenal Glands
Sit on top of Kidneys
Involved in stress response
Outer: adrenal cortex
Inner: adrenal medulla
Alpha islet vs Beta islet cells + where they are found
Alpha produces glucagon
Beta produces insulin
Found in pancreas
Gonads
Testes/ovaries
Function of Thymus gland
makes lymphocytes, between lungs and behind sternum
Function of Pineal gland
in brain, makes melatonin
Explain Diabetes type 1/2
1- not enough insulin made
2- can’t properly use insulin they take
functions of urinary system
Excretion of metabolic wastes in the form of nitrogenous waste
Osmoregulation – maintenance of the appropriate balance of
water and salt in the blood
Acid-base balance – kidneys help keep the blood pH ~7.4
Secretion of hormones
4 Organs of urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Function of ureters
Takes urine from kidneys to
bladder via peristaltic contractions
Function of bladder
Stores urine until ready for expulsion
3 openings (2 for ureters, 1 for urethra)
Wall is expandable because of rugae prevents backward flow
of urine
Internal sphincter – close to opening of
urethra
External sphincter – close to bottom of
urethra; voluntarily controlled b/c made of skeletal muscle
What is the urethra
Tube that extends from
bladder -> external opening
Females ~4cm (reproductive
+ urinary systems
SEPARATE)
Males ~20cm (reproductive +
urinary systems COMBINED)
Function of Kidney
Filter blood + produce urine
What are nephrons
Functional unit of kidney
What is glomerular filtration
Blood travels from renal artery to afferent arteriole to glomerus
What is tubular reabsorption
nutrients and salts are
reabsorbed from convoluted
tubules to the capillaries.
What is tubular secretion
Remaining wastes from blood are removed from capillaries to the
convoluted tubules
Explain Pyelonephritis
infection of kidneys
Explain Uremia
urea and other wastes accumulate in blood
Explain pituitary gland
Connected directly to your hypothalamus
2 parts: Anterior (“front”)
Posterior (“back”)
Explain anterior pituitary glands
Releases hormones that travel via the blood
Hormones made:
Growth hormones (e.g., growth
factors) Gonadotropic hormones (produce gametes/sex hormones)
Stress hormones
Explain posterior pituitary glands
Controlled by a positive
feedback loop
Hormones made:
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Explain thyroid gland
Found in the neck, attached to
trachea
Hormones made:
Calcitonin – controls blood
calcium levels
Within the thyroid gland, there
are parathyroid glands
EXPLAIN Adrenal medulla
Under nervous control (nerve
impulses from brain)
Short term stress response
(ex: heartbeat, blood pressure
increase), AKA fight or flight
Epinephrine
Explain adrenal cortex
Controlled by signals from the
anterior pituitary gland
Long term stress response (ex:
reduced inflammation to save
energy)
Glucocorticoids
Explain Pancreas
Found between your kidneys and
small intestine
3 types of endocrine cells, but I only
want you to remember two:
Alpha islet cells – produce glucagon
Beta islet cells – produce insulin
Insulin – secreted when blood
glucose is HIGH
Glucagon – secreted when blood
glucose is LOW
Ovarian cycle (in order)
Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal
Explain follicular phase of ovarian cycle
Development of follicle within ovary to prepare for ovulation
Occurs between
days 0-7 of menstrual cycle
Menstruation occurs during this phase
Explain ovulation phase of ovarian cycle
Follicle is released
Occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle
Best time for pregnancy to occur
Endometrium starts to grow back (as menstruation has ended)
Explain luteal phase of ovarian cycle
Endometrium continues to grow and
rebuild itself
The corpus luteum (structure that held
the egg within the ovary) starts to
degrade and release progesterone
Progesterone promotes ovulation
(and the cycle starts over)
