Bio Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Explain internal respiration

Answer 1

Exchange gases between blood and tissue fluid

Answer 2

Nasal cavities Pharynx - chamber behind oral cavity Glottis - opening into Larynx Larynx- houses vocal cords/box

Answer 3

Trachea - tube that connect larynx + bronchi, aka windpipe Bronchi - 2 tubes that connect trachea to lungs Bronchiole - branched tubes that lead from bronchi to alveoli Lungs - contain alveoli and blood vessels Alveoli - small air sacs in lungs, gas exchange occurs here

Answer 4

Measures ventilation, records volume of exchanged air Amount of air inhaled/exhaled at rest

Answer 5

At constant temperature, pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Answer 6

Diaphragm contracts and relaxes

Answer 7

Produce gametes (sex cells) Pass on genes to offspring

Answer 8

Where sperm mature, becomes motile

Answer 9

Tube that carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

Answer 10

Surrounds upper portion of urethra, makes seminal fluid to transport sperm

Answer 11

Hormones required for uterus to contract, propel sperm to egg

Answer 12

Complex mitotic and meiotic divisions that occur in testes, occurs on seminiferous tubules (sperm formed)

Answer 13

Head- nucleus+enzymes Middle- mitochondria Tail- Called flagellum

Answer 14

Luteinizing Hormone - promotes cells to secrete testosterone Follicular Stimulating Hormone - Controls amount of sperm made Testosterone- male main sex hormone, lots of functions

Answer 15

Female gonads that make eggs (oocytes) Oogenesis (production of eggs)

Answer 16

AKA Fallopian tubes Where sperm and egg unite Oviducts

Answer 17

Move oocytes within fallopian tubes

Answer 18

Hollow organ where embryo grows/develops

Answer 19

Narrow portion of uterus above vagina

Answer 20

ciliary movement an muscular contraction

Answer 21

Secretion of hormones

Answer 22

Chemicals that affect behavior of other glands/tissues, often found far away from actual hormone production site

Answer 23

Create and secrete hormones

Answer 24

Hormones, glands, homeostasis

Answer 25

Regulate homeostasis in 2 ways- autonomically and controls secretion of pituitary gland (directly connected)

Answer 26

Sit on top of Kidneys Involved in stress response Outer: adrenal cortex Inner: adrenal medulla

Answer 27

Alpha produces glucagon Beta produces insulin Found in pancreas

Answer 28

Testes/ovaries

Answer 29

makes lymphocytes, between lungs and behind sternum

Answer 30

in brain, makes melatonin

Answer 31

1- not enough insulin made 2- can't properly use insulin they take

Answer 32

Excretion of metabolic wastes in the form of nitrogenous waste Osmoregulation – maintenance of the appropriate balance of water and salt in the blood Acid-base balance – kidneys help keep the blood pH ~7.4 Secretion of hormones

Answer 33

Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra

Answer 34

Takes urine from kidneys to bladder via peristaltic contractions

Answer 35

Stores urine until ready for expulsion 3 openings (2 for ureters, 1 for urethra) Wall is expandable because of rugae prevents backward flow of urine Internal sphincter – close to opening of urethra External sphincter – close to bottom of urethra; voluntarily controlled b/c made of skeletal muscle

Answer 36

Tube that extends from bladder -> external opening Females ~4cm (reproductive + urinary systems SEPARATE) Males ~20cm (reproductive + urinary systems COMBINED)

Answer 37

Filter blood + produce urine

Answer 38

Functional unit of kidney

Answer 39

Blood travels from renal artery to afferent arteriole to glomerus

Answer 40

nutrients and salts are reabsorbed from convoluted tubules to the capillaries.

Answer 41

Remaining wastes from blood are removed from capillaries to the convoluted tubules

Answer 42

infection of kidneys

Answer 43

urea and other wastes accumulate in blood

Answer 44

Connected directly to your hypothalamus 2 parts: Anterior (“front”) Posterior (“back”)

Answer 45

Releases hormones that travel via the blood Hormones made: Growth hormones (e.g., growth factors) Gonadotropic hormones (produce gametes/sex hormones) Stress hormones

Answer 46

Controlled by a positive feedback loop Hormones made: Oxytocin Vasopressin

Answer 47

Found in the neck, attached to trachea Hormones made: Calcitonin – controls blood calcium levels Within the thyroid gland, there are parathyroid glands

Answer 48

Under nervous control (nerve impulses from brain) Short term stress response (ex: heartbeat, blood pressure increase), AKA fight or flight Epinephrine

Answer 49

Controlled by signals from the anterior pituitary gland Long term stress response (ex: reduced inflammation to save energy) Glucocorticoids

Answer 50

Found between your kidneys and small intestine 3 types of endocrine cells, but I only want you to remember two: Alpha islet cells – produce glucagon Beta islet cells – produce insulin Insulin – secreted when blood glucose is HIGH Glucagon – secreted when blood glucose is LOW

Answer 51

Follicular Ovulation Luteal

Answer 52

Development of follicle within ovary to prepare for ovulation Occurs between days 0-7 of menstrual cycle Menstruation occurs during this phase

Answer 53

Follicle is released Occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle Best time for pregnancy to occur Endometrium starts to grow back (as menstruation has ended)

Answer 54

Endometrium continues to grow and rebuild itself The corpus luteum (structure that held the egg within the ovary) starts to degrade and release progesterone Progesterone promotes ovulation (and the cycle starts over)