Bio Exam 1 - Cardio and respiratory

Question 1

single circulation

Answer 1

blood leaves the heart and passes through two capillary beds before going back to the heart. Fish, rays, and sharks

Question 2

double circulation

Answer 2

oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

Question 3

how is blood circulated through double circulation?

Answer 3

Oxygen-poor blood comes into the right atrium to the right ventricle and goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, then back into the veins to the left atrium and left ventricle and then to the body

Question 4

pulmonary circuit

Answer 4

carries blood to the lungs

Question 5

systemic circuit

Answer 5

carries blood to everywhere in the body except the lungs

Question 6

How does blood enter the heart

Answer 6

blood enters through an atrium and is pumped out through a ventricle

Question 7

cardiac output

Answer 7

Volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume

Question 8

stroke volume

Answer 8

amount of blood pumped in a single contraction of the heart

Question 9

capillary beds

Answer 9

sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

Question 10

venules

Answer 10

Converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

Question 11

arteries

Answer 11

branch into arterioles and carry blood away from the heart to capillaries

Question 12

blood pressure

Answer 12

Pressure that blood exerts as it is pressed against the wall of a vessel

Question 13

rigid vessels

Answer 13

vessel walls are stiff and pressure is maintained as in arteries

Question 14

less rigid vessels

Answer 14

vessel walls are flexible and blood pressure is lost

Question 15

systolic pressure

Answer 15

pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole or contraction - this is the highest pressure

Question 16

diastolic pressure

Answer 16

pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole or relaxation - lower than systolic

Question 17

When is blood flow slow?

Answer 17

In the capillary beds - good for exchange of nutrients and waste

Question 18

blood pressure is determined by…

Answer 18

cardiac output and total peripheral resistance or resistance of arteries to blood flow

Question 19

vasoconstriction

Answer 19

contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls which increases blood pressure and reduces blood flow

Question 20

vasodilation

Answer 20

Relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterioles which causes blood pressure to to fall and increases blood flow

Question 21

What are the three anatomic components of the mammalian circulatory system?

Answer 21

Blood, blood vessels, and the heart

Question 22

cardiac construction system

Answer 22

A network of specialized muscle cells in the heart walls send signals to the rest of the heart muscle, causing a contraction

Question 23

open circulatory system

Answer 23

No distinction between blood and interstitial fluid and the blood bathes the organs directly. Within insects, mollusks, and arthropods

Question 24

closed circulatory system

Answer 24

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid. These are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells. Found in annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates

Question 25

partial pressure

Answer 25

Pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture of gases. Partial pressure = %gas x total pressure

Question 26

gas exchange

Answer 26

takes place by diffusion across respiratory surfaces

Question 27

gills

Answer 27

out folding of the body that creates a large surface area for gas exchange

Question 28

ventilation

Answer 28

moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

Question 29

countercurrent exchange - gills

Answer 29

Blood flows opposite to the water, passing over the gills where the blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets.

Question 30

fish gills

Answer 30

Gill have filaments, each of which has tons of lamellae which the water flows over, and each lamellae contains a network of capillaries

Question 31

tracheal system

Answer 31

a network of branching tubes throughout the body supplying O2 directly to body cells

Question 32

spiracles

Answer 32

Openings of the tracheal tubes to the outside typically found on the ventral surface

Question 33

alveoli

Answer 33

air sacs at the tips of the bronchioles in which gas exchange takes place

Question 34

respiratory system - mammalian

Answer 34

O2 is diffused through the moist film of epithelium and into capillaries. CO2 diffuses from capillaries across epithelium into air space.

Question 35

What happens during inhalation?

Answer 35

fresh air mixes with air in the lungs and resulting mixture has higher O2 pressure than the blood flowing through alveolar capillaries.

Question 36

what occurs in the alveoli?

Answer 36

O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into the air

Question 37

systemic capillaries

Answer 37

gradients of partial pressure favor net diffusion of O2 out of the blood and CO2 into the blood

Question 38

alveolar capillaries

Answer 38

Exchange occurs resulting in exhaled air enriched in CO2 and partly depleted in O2

Question 39

oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 39

hemoglobin’s oxygen content increases as the Po2 increases until max capacity is reached. Hemoglobin changes changes shape with O2 and will be be more receptive to O2 as more is picked up.

Question 40

bohr shift

Answer 40

shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right = lower affinity - less likely to have O2 and to the left = higher affinity as with fetal hemoglobin.

Question 41

Why does the carbonic acid equation go right at the tissues and left at the lungs?

Answer 41

it moves right in the forward direction when moving CO2 to the lungs and then reverses in order to dissociate from the hemoglobin that CO2 and expel it from the body once it reaches the lungs

Question 42

double circulation - in depth

Answer 42

The right side of the heart pumps deox blood out of the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit, where oxy-rich blood flows back to the heart through the left atrium. Then, the oxy-rich blood is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle to the systemic circuit, where oxy is depleted, and deox blood flows back to the right atrium of the heart.