BIO EK WRONG

Question 1

Gene expression

Answer 1

• involves RNA polymerase binding to the PROMOTOR & catalyzing the sysnthesis of RNA & eventually protein
• pay attention when the passage talks about gene expression, becuase you can connect that DNA will occupy a certain state (such as Z-DNA-passage said gene expression) while mRNA production of CFTR gene on chromosome 7 takes place

Question 2

rough ER has a similar ionic concentration to what?

Answer 2

• inter-nuclear membrane enviroment
  
  • the ourter-nuclear memebrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum thus it is safe to say that both organelles are enviromentally similar
  • cytoplasmic enviroment differs quite a bit from the inside of the nuclear & ER lumens

Question 3

Cells that would contain Euchromatin?

Answer 3

• a cell with numerous origions of replication
• Euchromatin is UNCOILED at several origions of replication that eukaryotic DNA has, where the enzyme machinery binds to begin replication or transcription
• only dividing cells (i.e., mucus-producing goblet cells, epithelial cells) have a high nuclear concentration of euchromatin

Question 4

Which cells would have high Heterochromatin?

Answer 4

• neurons & heart muscles
• they are considered permanant & therefore arrested in the G₀ phase of the cell cycle, thus are not considered to be transcriptionally active

Question 5

T/F: viruses have euchromatin?

Answer 5

FALSE, VIRUSES DO NOT HAVE EUCHROMATIN

Question 6

Southern Blotting

Answer 6

IS USED TO ANALYZE AND NOT AMPLIFY , genetic pattern of interest that may appear in DNA

Question 7

ELISA

Answer 7

used to locate the presence of antibodies to a particular infection

• it is a primary test for HIV

Question 8

can mtDNA be considered a unique identifier in forensic sciences?

Answer 8

• NO, becuase the maternal mitochondrial cell line is passed on to every offspring
• mtDNA is only from the maternal cell line
• that same mtDNA is passed on from the mother to every offspring the women bears, thus mtDNA cannot be considered a unique identifier, becuase more than one individual can have the same mtDNA
  
  • in fact, even apparently unrelated individuals might share an unknown maternal relative at some point in the distant past, evidenced by common mtDNA

Question 9

During the addition of an incoming dNTP nucleotides, a linkage is formed & a pyrophosphate is released. Which of the following describes a type of bond that occurs between two dNTP molecules?

Answer 9

1. REPHRASE THE QUESTION: what is the name of the bond that is formed between 2 nucleotides? ANSWER: PHOSPHODIESTER BOND

Question 10

HIGH YIELD: Which RNA is the smallest and have a cloverleaf shape?

Answer 10

• tRNA

Question 11

in translation which is responisbile for proofreading activity?

Answer 11

aminoacyl-tRNA synthases

not ribosomes, and not the A sites etc becuase they are located on the ribosomes

Question 12

replication of the chromosome involves what type of DNA polymerase synthesis

Answer 12

semi-discontinuous

Question 13

question 157 & 160 about primers!!

Question 14

Frameshift mutation & inframe mutation

Answer 14

frameshift mutation: occurs when there is an addition of 1 or 2 base pairs

in-frame mutation: is a 3 base pair addition or deletion will cause an in-frame mutation

Question 15

ribosomes must be “read” the mRNA in the what direction?

Answer 15

5’ to 3’ direction!!

Question 16

what is the max number of nucleotide of (GCAU)⁴:

Answer 16

• 4
• write it out and look for AUG, thus it has 4 amino acids

Question 17

Does meiosis centromeres divide at anaphase I?

Answer 17

no, becuase during anaphase Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes, not centromeres, seperate & migrate to the opposite poes of the cell

Question 18

Anticipation

Answer 18

in a genetic disease is associated with an earlier onset of symptoms as well as an increase in disease severity with every generation

anticipation is usally seen in autosomal dominant diseases associted with triple repeat exapnsion (huntington’s). The problem is believed to result because triple repeat sequences of increased lenght are unstable during cell division

Question 19

Heterozygous advantage

Answer 19

• occurs when being a heterozygous carrier of a specific trait is a benefit; for example, individuals that are heterozygous for sickle cell trait are less likely to catch malaria

Question 20

Penetrance

Answer 20

• is used to explain, the fact that some persons may carry a mutant allele but not show any sign of the disease

Question 21

post-translational modification

Answer 21

golgi & RER

Question 22

ionic bonding is stronger than covalent interactions: T/F

Answer 22

true

Question 23

methylated genes are what type of chromosome

Answer 23

heterochromatin

Question 24

Barr Body?

Answer 24

• it is a permanantly inactivated X chromosome that forms a dense stainable nuclear mass
  
  • a normal female with XX inactivates one of her X’s while expressing the other
  • she therefore has 1 barr body
• A normal male, who is XY, does not inactivate his only X chromosome, & therefore has no barr bodies
  
  • a male who is XXY would inactivate his one extra X, giving him one Barr Body
  • the main rule:
    
    • the number of X chromosomes is always 1 More than the number of Barr bodies
    • a person with 2 barr bodies must have 3 X chromosomes

Question 25

Autosomal Dominant

Answer 25

• a person needs a single copy of the mutant gene to inheit the disease
• traits do not skip generations (called vertical transmission)
• they are usually equal number of affected males & females
• father to son transmission is observed

Question 26

mutation happens in:

Answer 26

proteins!!! not carbs!

Question 27

Autosomal recessive