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Bio 1 > Bio Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Bio Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A chemical containing the element carbon is classified as?

A

An Organic Compound

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2
Q

Why is Carbon considered the building block of life?

A

Comprises 18% of the body by weight
Forms 4 covalent bonds
Can form single or double bonds
Can build macro or micro molecules

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3
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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4
Q

T/F Carbon skeletons must always be branched by a single or double bond.

A

False, carbon skeletons can be branched or unbranched and they can also form a ring-like shape

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5
Q

Define the term- a chemical process in which a polymer forms when monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules

A

Dehydration Reaction

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6
Q

What is the name of the reaction that links a monomer to a polymer?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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7
Q

Define the term- a chemical process in which macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers; an essential part of digestion

A

Hydrolysis Reaction

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8
Q

Complete the sentence: Chemical reactions that build polymers from ___ are called ___ reactions because they release a molecule of water.

A

Monomers, dehydration

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9
Q

What is the reverse type of reaction because they break large molecules down into smaller molecules?

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

What are the monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, and Ribose

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11
Q

Define the term- one of two or more molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and thus different properties

A

Isomers

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12
Q

All carbohydrates consist of one or more ___, also called simple sugars. Name 2 examples of simple sugars.

A

monosaccharides ; glucose and fructose

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13
Q

Explain how glucose and fructose can have the same formula ( C6 H12 O6) but different properties

A

Different arrangements of atoms affect molecular shapes and properties

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14
Q

What are monomers?

A

Sugars

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15
Q

1 sugar also called a simple sugar ; known as the main sugar of the cell

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

2 simple sugars; 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

A

Disaccharides

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17
Q

Glucose + Fructose= table sugar.
What is table sugar an example of?

A

The disaccharide sucrose.

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18
Q

Glucose + Glucose= seedling sugar
What is seedling sugar an example of?

A

The disaccharide maltose

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19
Q

glucose + galactose= milk sugar
What is milk sugar an example of?

A

Disaccharide and lactose

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20
Q

How and why do manufacturers produce HFCS?

A

They convert glucose to the sweeter fructose. HFCS is cheaper and more easily blended with processed foods.

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21
Q

Define the term- thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches; also called complex carbs

A

Polysaccharides

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22
Q

What is the polysaccharide that is made in plants that stores energy?

A

Starch

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23
Q

What is made in animals that stores energy?

A

Glycogen ; polysaccarhide

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24
Q

What is the polysaccharide that is made in plants as structural support?

A

Cellulose

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25
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth?

A

Cellulose

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26
Q

Grazing animals survive on a diet of ___ because they have prokaryotes in their digestive tract that can break it down.

A

Cellulose

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides (fat)
Phospholipids (cell membranes)
Steroids (hormones)

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28
Q

define the term- water fearing

A

hydrophobic

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29
Q

define the term- water loving

A

hydrophilic

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30
Q

What is triglycerides composed of?

A

Glycerol and Fatty acids

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31
Q

Which lipids job is to store energy, insulate, and cushion internal organs?

A

Triglycerides

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32
Q

Which fatty acids contain the max number of hydrogen atoms; giving them a straight shape?
They have no double bonds, solid at room temperature, and come from animals?

A

Saturated Fats

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33
Q

Which fatty acids contain fewer than maximum of hydrogens at the double bond?
They contain 1 or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature, and come from plants

A

Unsaturated Fats

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34
Q

Why does chocolate melt in your mouth?

A

Chocolate melts in your mouth because cocoa butter is high in unsaturated fats

35
Q

Define the term-Food manufacturers can convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen, a process called?

A

Hydrogenation

36
Q

These characteristics describe what type of fat?
These bonds are unintentional by-products
These bonds almost NEVER occur naturally
The human body is not designed to digest them

A

Trans Fats

37
Q

What is a cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

38
Q

What is the most common steroid also known as the “base steroid”?

A

Cholesterol

39
Q

What steroid acts as the molecular building block of the human steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

40
Q

All proteins are constructed from a common set of __ amino acids.

A

20

41
Q

The structure of ____ a central carbon atom bonded to 4 covalent partners in which 3 of those attachment groups are common to all amino acids.

A

Proteins

42
Q

The function of ___ deal with enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport and many others

A

Proteins

43
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia can be caused by what?

A

A change in an amino acid can affect protein configuration and cause malfunction of the protein

44
Q

Which of the following is not made of protein: hair, muscle, cellulose, or enzymes?

A

Cellulose is a carbohydrate

45
Q

What is a bond that joins adjacent amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

46
Q

The difference between a polypeptide and a protein is like the relationship between a long strand of yarn and a sweater.

A

To be functional, the long fiber (the yarn) must be precisely knit into a specific shape (the sweater)

47
Q

How can changing an amino acid alter the function of a protein?

A

Changing an amino acid may alter the shape of the protein, which changes its function.

48
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers made from ____ which are____.

A

nucleotides, monomers

49
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

A five carbon sugar
Phosphate group
A nitrogenous group

50
Q

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

A

provide the directions for building proteins

51
Q

The DNA resides in the cell as one or more very long fibers called

A

chromosomes

52
Q

What are the 3 differences between RNA and DNA?

A

1)RNA uses the sugar ribose and the base Uracil instead of thymine
A-U pairing
G-C pairing
2)R in RNA stands for ribose
3)RNA is usually found in living cells in single-stranded form, whereas DNA usually exists as a double helix

53
Q

DNA contains _______ polynucleotide strands, each composed of _______ kinds of nucleotides.

A

2; 4

54
Q

If one DNA strand has the sequence GAATGC, what is the sequence of the other strand?

A

CTTACG

55
Q

Complete this biologist pickup line: “Of all the nucleic acids, RNA is my favorite, because it’s got _______ in it!”

A

U- uracil

56
Q

T/F - DNA and RNA have the same nucleotide bases and the same helical structure?

A

False

57
Q

What kind of fats are Omega-3 classified as?

A

Unsaturated Fats

58
Q

Glucose and fructose are___ which_____.

A

isomers; have the same molecular structure but different structures

59
Q

DNA is composed of 4 nucleotide bases called?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

60
Q

Carbohydrates are mostly____, meaning they____ in water.

A

hydrophilic; dissolve

61
Q

Define the term- ___ converts normally shaped proteins into abnormal shapes

A

Prions

62
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

63
Q

Monomers can be classified as

A

small molecules

64
Q

Why do vinegar and oil separate in salad dressing?

A

The oil in salad dressing is hydrophobic whereas the vinegar is hydrophilic.

65
Q

T/F- Cholesterol does not have any benefits and is associated with cardiovascular disease.

A

False

66
Q

What are fats and steroids classified as?

A

Lipids

67
Q

A single strand DNA molecule has the sequence TCAACTTGA. The equivalent sequence in an RNA molecule would be___.

A

UCAACUUGA

68
Q

Sucrose + water – glucose + fructose

A

Hydrolysis

69
Q

T/F- Cellulose is hydrophilic?

A

True

70
Q

When looking at a label no matter how big all the numbers are which cookies will always be less healthy.

A

The ones that have the highest trans fats

71
Q

What is a building block of polynucleotides such as DNA

A

Nucleotides

72
Q

Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of what?

A

Amino Acids

73
Q

Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of?

A

Amino Acids

74
Q

For good health, what is important to be included in our diets?

A

Polysaccharides

75
Q

___ is a hydroxyl group?

A

OH

76
Q

What are saturated fats saturated with?

A

hydrogen

77
Q

Remember- a glucose molecule is to starch as a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

A

yea

78
Q

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture what?

A

DNA

79
Q

Nutritionally, saturated triglycerides are considered less healthy than unsaturated ones. What is one major difference between them?

A

Saturated triglycerides have more hydrogens than unsaturated triglycerides

80
Q

Hydrogenated vegetable oils are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they __________ than other plant oils, they can contribute to cardiovascular disease.

A

contain fewer double bonds

81
Q

What is true of all steroids?

A

They have structured base 4 carbon rings.

82
Q

What do nucleic acids and proteins have in common?

A

They are large polymers

83
Q

In people with lactose intolerance, the lactase gene is perfectly normal. Why do they still exhibit lactose intolerance?

A

The formation of the lactase from the lactase gene decreases

84
Q

Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

A

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart

Bio 1 (4 decks)

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