Bio Chapter 3 Flashcards
A chemical containing the element carbon is classified as?
An Organic Compound
Why is Carbon considered the building block of life?
Comprises 18% of the body by weight
Forms 4 covalent bonds
Can form single or double bonds
Can build macro or micro molecules
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
T/F Carbon skeletons must always be branched by a single or double bond.
False, carbon skeletons can be branched or unbranched and they can also form a ring-like shape
Define the term- a chemical process in which a polymer forms when monomers are linked by the removal of water molecules
Dehydration Reaction
What is the name of the reaction that links a monomer to a polymer?
Dehydration Synthesis
Define the term- a chemical process in which macromolecules are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers; an essential part of digestion
Hydrolysis Reaction
Complete the sentence: Chemical reactions that build polymers from ___ are called ___ reactions because they release a molecule of water.
Monomers, dehydration
What is the reverse type of reaction because they break large molecules down into smaller molecules?
Hydrolysis
What are the monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, and Ribose
Define the term- one of two or more molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and thus different properties
Isomers
All carbohydrates consist of one or more ___, also called simple sugars. Name 2 examples of simple sugars.
monosaccharides ; glucose and fructose
Explain how glucose and fructose can have the same formula ( C6 H12 O6) but different properties
Different arrangements of atoms affect molecular shapes and properties
What are monomers?
Sugars
1 sugar also called a simple sugar ; known as the main sugar of the cell
Monosaccharides
2 simple sugars; 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides
Glucose + Fructose= table sugar.
What is table sugar an example of?
The disaccharide sucrose.
Glucose + Glucose= seedling sugar
What is seedling sugar an example of?
The disaccharide maltose
glucose + galactose= milk sugar
What is milk sugar an example of?
Disaccharide and lactose
How and why do manufacturers produce HFCS?
They convert glucose to the sweeter fructose. HFCS is cheaper and more easily blended with processed foods.
Define the term- thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches; also called complex carbs
Polysaccharides
What is the polysaccharide that is made in plants that stores energy?
Starch
What is made in animals that stores energy?
Glycogen ; polysaccarhide
What is the polysaccharide that is made in plants as structural support?
Cellulose
What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth?
Cellulose
Grazing animals survive on a diet of ___ because they have prokaryotes in their digestive tract that can break it down.
Cellulose
What are the 3 types of lipids?
Triglycerides (fat)
Phospholipids (cell membranes)
Steroids (hormones)
define the term- water fearing
hydrophobic
define the term- water loving
hydrophilic
What is triglycerides composed of?
Glycerol and Fatty acids
Which lipids job is to store energy, insulate, and cushion internal organs?
Triglycerides
Which fatty acids contain the max number of hydrogen atoms; giving them a straight shape?
They have no double bonds, solid at room temperature, and come from animals?
Saturated Fats
Which fatty acids contain fewer than maximum of hydrogens at the double bond?
They contain 1 or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature, and come from plants
Unsaturated Fats
Why does chocolate melt in your mouth?
Chocolate melts in your mouth because cocoa butter is high in unsaturated fats
Define the term-Food manufacturers can convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen, a process called?
Hydrogenation
These characteristics describe what type of fat?
These bonds are unintentional by-products
These bonds almost NEVER occur naturally
The human body is not designed to digest them
Trans Fats
What is a cell membrane made up of?
Phospholipid bilayer
What is the most common steroid also known as the “base steroid”?
Cholesterol
What steroid acts as the molecular building block of the human steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
All proteins are constructed from a common set of __ amino acids.
20
The structure of ____ a central carbon atom bonded to 4 covalent partners in which 3 of those attachment groups are common to all amino acids.
Proteins
The function of ___ deal with enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport and many others
Proteins
Sickle Cell Anemia can be caused by what?
A change in an amino acid can affect protein configuration and cause malfunction of the protein
Which of the following is not made of protein: hair, muscle, cellulose, or enzymes?
Cellulose is a carbohydrate
What is a bond that joins adjacent amino acids?
Peptide bond
The difference between a polypeptide and a protein is like the relationship between a long strand of yarn and a sweater.
To be functional, the long fiber (the yarn) must be precisely knit into a specific shape (the sweater)
How can changing an amino acid alter the function of a protein?
Changing an amino acid may alter the shape of the protein, which changes its function.
Nucleic acids are polymers made from ____ which are____.
nucleotides, monomers
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
A five carbon sugar
Phosphate group
A nitrogenous group
What is the function of a nucleic acid?
provide the directions for building proteins
The DNA resides in the cell as one or more very long fibers called
chromosomes
What are the 3 differences between RNA and DNA?
1)RNA uses the sugar ribose and the base Uracil instead of thymine
A-U pairing
G-C pairing
2)R in RNA stands for ribose
3)RNA is usually found in living cells in single-stranded form, whereas DNA usually exists as a double helix
DNA contains _______ polynucleotide strands, each composed of _______ kinds of nucleotides.
2; 4
If one DNA strand has the sequence GAATGC, what is the sequence of the other strand?
CTTACG
Complete this biologist pickup line: “Of all the nucleic acids, RNA is my favorite, because it’s got _______ in it!”
U- uracil
T/F - DNA and RNA have the same nucleotide bases and the same helical structure?
False
What kind of fats are Omega-3 classified as?
Unsaturated Fats
Glucose and fructose are___ which_____.
isomers; have the same molecular structure but different structures
DNA is composed of 4 nucleotide bases called?
adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Carbohydrates are mostly____, meaning they____ in water.
hydrophilic; dissolve
Define the term- ___ converts normally shaped proteins into abnormal shapes
Prions
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Monomers can be classified as
small molecules
Why do vinegar and oil separate in salad dressing?
The oil in salad dressing is hydrophobic whereas the vinegar is hydrophilic.
T/F- Cholesterol does not have any benefits and is associated with cardiovascular disease.
False
What are fats and steroids classified as?
Lipids
A single strand DNA molecule has the sequence TCAACTTGA. The equivalent sequence in an RNA molecule would be___.
UCAACUUGA
Sucrose + water – glucose + fructose
Hydrolysis
T/F- Cellulose is hydrophilic?
True
When looking at a label no matter how big all the numbers are which cookies will always be less healthy.
The ones that have the highest trans fats
What is a building block of polynucleotides such as DNA
Nucleotides
Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of what?
Amino Acids
Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of?
Amino Acids
For good health, what is important to be included in our diets?
Polysaccharides
___ is a hydroxyl group?
OH
What are saturated fats saturated with?
hydrogen
Remember- a glucose molecule is to starch as a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
yea
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture what?
DNA
Nutritionally, saturated triglycerides are considered less healthy than unsaturated ones. What is one major difference between them?
Saturated triglycerides have more hydrogens than unsaturated triglycerides
Hydrogenated vegetable oils are more like animal fats than are other plant oils. Because they __________ than other plant oils, they can contribute to cardiovascular disease.
contain fewer double bonds
What is true of all steroids?
They have structured base 4 carbon rings.
What do nucleic acids and proteins have in common?
They are large polymers
In people with lactose intolerance, the lactase gene is perfectly normal. Why do they still exhibit lactose intolerance?
The formation of the lactase from the lactase gene decreases
Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart
