BIO/BCHM Flashcards
exculpation
the act of freeing from guilt, forgiveness, pardon. the act of excusing a mistake or offense.
elusive
difficult to find
T and B cells belong to
adaptive immune system
t cells regulate the
cell mediated response
b cells regulate the
humoral response
______ provide body with response to wide range of pathogens
innate
indivdual nucleotides within the backbone of the regualatory RNAs discussed held together by
phosphodiester linkages
isomers of glucose
galactose, and fructose
epimers are also
diastereoisomers
epimers of D glucose
D mannose, D galactose
buytraye, propionate, and acetate are known as
short Fatty chain acids
when describes that bacteria has energy source and products what does it mean
energy source, is the thing it needs to survive, if this is low then their production is low, and th eproducts are only produced if we have energy source
endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine chemical messengers all
exert their effects by binding to receptors on or in cells
____signalling systems export their chem messengers via ducts into the epithelium
exocrine
endorcirn signals are released into the ____ while para and auto act ____
blood, locally
explain the Na H exchanger
its an antiporter - where one positive one direction, and other positive on the other direction
Na Cl cotransporter explain
transport Na and Cl in the same direction - no net movement one neg and one positive
explain the Na - glucose cotransporter
transport Na cation and glucose in the celll - this is electrogenic as it results in net movement of positive in - no balance/cancelling out
these are CT that produce collagen and other fibres, have nucleus, irregualr in shape
fibroblasts
____ are leukocytes with PM and nucleus - lack many organelles, and bean shaped
monocytes
___ are nervous tissue with PM, nucleus, all organelles, vary widely
neurons
an inc in aerobic exercise result in ince of ____ because there inc in ____ demand
EPO (erthycopotinet) create RBC, oxygen
______ is process crucial for the structural conformation of the protein
glycosylation - so differences in this could prevent EPO from proper activation
can glycoprotein cross the cell? how do they, what use
NO, use receptor on PM
if they want to study antidepressant induced p11 then with experiment both groups need to have some antidepressant to show something
when Ph = PI then that means
ratio of cation to anion is 1 = cuz the net charge is 0
the net charge of cationic and anionic functional groups will be ____ when ph =pI
ZERO
____ are compounds that bind to ions, allowing them to cross the PM
ionophores
introduce Na ionophores to cultre would permit movement of Na across the membrane dissipating the sodium motive force that wouldve allowed ATP to generate - so
dec production of ATP
which enzymes in the CAC require NAD+/FAD
isocitrate dehydro, alpha keto gluco dehy, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase
When Keq is greater than 1, products are
favored at equilibrium. + exergonic - products are favoured
nutrient and wates are often ____ by corssing the cell membrane
exchanged
if it shows higher levels of UCP-1 mrna levels that means that in th efat cells
more, would mean burnin more so more energy is dissipating causing lower body weight, higher temp,
viruses or protein tranfers gentic material is known as what
transduction - wehre foreign dna is ontro into cell - no physical contact, - just transferred
___ refer to acquisition of genetic material from the environment into bacteria
transformation
___refer to impurites in substnance or solution
contamination
refer to exchange of nucleic acids bw bacteria across bridges
conjugation
read the question __ says exposure to pro inflammatory agents cause production of ROS, lead to mutaiton, and the enzyme that in interest lack the fixer of these mutation so what possible incidence
increase cancer incidence
for a pain reflex arc what part is in the CNS
internueon which serves as a intercommunication point for the afferent and efferent neurons
the dorsal root ganglion play a role in _____info from the PNS to the CNS
afferent/sensory
the ventral root of the efferent motor neuron - plays a role in sending inform from the ____ to the _____ to carry out a reflex action
CNS to effector organ
the resting potential of neuron is primarity a results of the
distribution of ions across PM
neurotransmitter at the post synaptic membrane often generate current that will
produce a local potential - shift the resting potential
contraction of the diaphragm is
inhalation, and inc thoracic volume, dec intrathoracic pressure
which kinetic parameter will inc with addition of more substrate
vi
these do not change with changes in substrate con
kcat, vmax, Km
dna sequences that are vital to organisms life are _____among species
conserved - meaning idental/similar, maintained by natural selection
since Lp is caused by continous lactase synthesis this region is most likely targete mutation
enhancer seq - where able to bind to transcriptional activators in order to inc expression of a gene
____ are the intestinal cells that produce enzymes that digest disaccarides - lactase
enterocytes in the duodenal villi
this site of where more chemical digestion occur
duodenum
diploid organism is heterozygous in each of 3 unlinked genes - consider only these 3 how many different types of gametes can this organism produce
A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 - combos = 8, 2 (alleles) ^3 = 8
