BIO/BCHM

Question 1

exculpation

Answer 1

the act of freeing from guilt, forgiveness, pardon. the act of excusing a mistake or offense.

Question 2

elusive

Answer 2

difficult to find

Question 3

T and B cells belong to

Answer 3

adaptive immune system

Question 4

t cells regulate the

Answer 4

cell mediated response

Question 5

b cells regulate the

Answer 5

humoral response

Question 6

______ provide body with response to wide range of pathogens

Answer 6

innate

Question 7

indivdual nucleotides within the backbone of the regualatory RNAs discussed held together by

Answer 7

phosphodiester linkages

Question 8

isomers of glucose

Answer 8

galactose, and fructose

Question 9

epimers are also

Answer 9

diastereoisomers

Question 10

epimers of D glucose

Answer 10

D mannose, D galactose

Question 11

buytraye, propionate, and acetate are known as

Answer 11

short Fatty chain acids

Question 12

when describes that bacteria has energy source and products what does it mean

Answer 12

energy source, is the thing it needs to survive, if this is low then their production is low, and th eproducts are only produced if we have energy source

Question 13

endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine chemical messengers all

Answer 13

exert their effects by binding to receptors on or in cells

Question 14

____signalling systems export their chem messengers via ducts into the epithelium

Answer 14

exocrine

Question 15

endorcirn signals are released into the ____ while para and auto act ____

Answer 15

blood, locally

Question 16

explain the Na H exchanger

Answer 16

its an antiporter - where one positive one direction, and other positive on the other direction

Question 17

Na Cl cotransporter explain

Answer 17

transport Na and Cl in the same direction - no net movement one neg and one positive

Question 18

explain the Na - glucose cotransporter

Answer 18

transport Na cation and glucose in the celll - this is electrogenic as it results in net movement of positive in - no balance/cancelling out

Question 19

these are CT that produce collagen and other fibres, have nucleus, irregualr in shape

Answer 19

fibroblasts

Question 20

____ are leukocytes with PM and nucleus - lack many organelles, and bean shaped

Answer 20

monocytes

Question 21

___ are nervous tissue with PM, nucleus, all organelles, vary widely

Answer 21

neurons

Question 22

an inc in aerobic exercise result in ince of ____ because there inc in ____ demand

Answer 22

EPO (erthycopotinet) create RBC, oxygen

Question 23

______ is process crucial for the structural conformation of the protein

Answer 23

glycosylation - so differences in this could prevent EPO from proper activation

Question 24

can glycoprotein cross the cell? how do they, what use

Answer 24

NO, use receptor on PM

Question 25

if they want to study antidepressant induced p11 then with experiment both groups need to have some antidepressant to show something

Question 26

when Ph = PI then that means

Answer 26

ratio of cation to anion is 1 = cuz the net charge is 0

Question 27

the net charge of cationic and anionic functional groups will be ____ when ph =pI

Answer 27

ZERO

Question 28

____ are compounds that bind to ions, allowing them to cross the PM

Answer 28

ionophores

Question 29

introduce Na ionophores to cultre would permit movement of Na across the membrane dissipating the sodium motive force that wouldve allowed ATP to generate - so

Answer 29

dec production of ATP

Question 30

which enzymes in the CAC require NAD+/FAD

Answer 30

isocitrate dehydro, alpha keto gluco dehy, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase

Question 31

When Keq is greater than 1, products are

Answer 31

favored at equilibrium. + exergonic - products are favoured

Question 32

nutrient and wates are often ____ by corssing the cell membrane

Answer 32

exchanged

Question 33

if it shows higher levels of UCP-1 mrna levels that means that in th efat cells

Answer 33

more, would mean burnin more so more energy is dissipating causing lower body weight, higher temp,

Question 34

viruses or protein tranfers gentic material is known as what

Answer 34

transduction - wehre foreign dna is ontro into cell - no physical contact, - just transferred

Question 35

___ refer to acquisition of genetic material from the environment into bacteria

Answer 35

transformation

Question 36

___refer to impurites in substnance or solution

Answer 36

contamination

Question 37

refer to exchange of nucleic acids bw bacteria across bridges

Answer 37

conjugation

Question 38

read the question __ says exposure to pro inflammatory agents cause production of ROS, lead to mutaiton, and the enzyme that in interest lack the fixer of these mutation so what possible incidence

Answer 38

increase cancer incidence

Question 39

for a pain reflex arc what part is in the CNS

Answer 39

internueon which serves as a intercommunication point for the afferent and efferent neurons

Question 40

the dorsal root ganglion play a role in _____info from the PNS to the CNS

Answer 40

afferent/sensory

Question 41

the ventral root of the efferent motor neuron - plays a role in sending inform from the ____ to the _____ to carry out a reflex action

Answer 41

CNS to effector organ

Question 42

the resting potential of neuron is primarity a results of the

Answer 42

distribution of ions across PM

Question 43

neurotransmitter at the post synaptic membrane often generate current that will

Answer 43

produce a local potential - shift the resting potential

Question 44

contraction of the diaphragm is

Answer 44

inhalation, and inc thoracic volume, dec intrathoracic pressure

Question 45

which kinetic parameter will inc with addition of more substrate

Answer 45

vi

Question 46

these do not change with changes in substrate con

Answer 46

kcat, vmax, Km

Question 47

dna sequences that are vital to organisms life are _____among species

Answer 47

conserved - meaning idental/similar, maintained by natural selection

Question 48

since Lp is caused by continous lactase synthesis this region is most likely targete mutation

Answer 48

enhancer seq - where able to bind to transcriptional activators in order to inc expression of a gene

Question 49

____ are the intestinal cells that produce enzymes that digest disaccarides - lactase

Answer 49

enterocytes in the duodenal villi

Question 50

this site of where more chemical digestion occur

Answer 50

duodenum

Question 51

diploid organism is heterozygous in each of 3 unlinked genes - consider only these 3 how many different types of gametes can this organism produce

Answer 51

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 - combos = 8, 2 (alleles) ^3 = 8