bio Flashcards
tattoo goes in which layer of skin
dermis
Dinos appeared in which period
triassic period
what proteins to cytokinesis
actin and myosin
cri du chat is an example of what
partial monosomy
penicillin inhibits
cell walls of bacteria
Microarray technology
allows a researcher to examine many genes and determine which are expressed in a particular
cell type. slide containing thousands of genes are placed in spots
somatic cell transfer
stem cell research where u take cell of body and create an ovum?
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP
a method for determining the kinetics of diffusion through tissue or cells
ouabain
poison that messes with Na and K pump
valve at junction of small and large intestine
ileocecal valve
colchine
Colchicine is an alkaloid that inhibits the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. Microtubules and associated
proteins c01nprise the mitotic spindle. Mitosis would stop if Colchicine is present.
radioactive iodine test
concentrates in thyroid
what happens with vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to kidney
decreased rate of filtration
* same affect with blood flow dec,
what happens with vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to kidney
increased rate of filtration
__ innervations affect the afferent arterioles and decreases the volume of urine flow
sympathetic
know your types of hormones and examples
plz
connective tissue comes from which layer
mesoderm
identical twins happen cuz of
indeterminate cleavage (instead of determinate)
jaundice
from excess bile pigments such as bilirubin
ciliary muscle in eye
adjust lens shape
a cancerous cell known as a ___ grows indefintely
myeloma
lymphocyte fuses with a myeloma cell
hybridoma and can now produce a desired antibody!
Prostaglandins
modified fatty acids which help induce fever, pain sensation, and inflmnmation.
adrenal gland makes
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone.
which trimester do organs develop
1st ** also most sensitive here!!!
how to break disulphide bond
reducing conditions
bacteria endospores
Endospores are resistant
to extremes of temperature, chemicals, toxins, detergents ，as well as radiation . will have a thick outer coat.
macrophages size
Macrophagεs are the largest phagocytic cells and wil1 phagocytize bacteria.
neutrophil amount
Neutrophils make up
about 60% of white blood cells
Fixed action pattern
includes animals flocking, as well as spiders spinning webs! complex behaviour that comes from stimulus!
lymphocyte amount
Neutrophils l11ake up about 60% of the white blood cells, with lymphocytes making up 30%
spleen
makes lymphocytes, filters blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells
epinephrine cascade
can bind to a receptor and cause a cascade which
ultÌIl1ately leads to glycogen breakdown
nerve growth factors cascade??
regulate cell behavior by binding with receptors that can cause a biochel11ical
cascade
catabolism
breakdown of nutrìents to provide energy. Anabolism is the synthesis of biomolecules from
simpler compounds
Adenylyl cyclase`
catalyzes ATP to cyclic AMP
inactive until epinephrine binds to the receptor protein. The cyclic AMP functions as a second
messenger
attenuated vaccine
contains a version of the living microbe that has been weakened and modified in the lab.
However the ability to induce protective immunity remains as virulence is lost
tuberculosis
a diseasε causεd by bacteria that spreads through microscopic droplεts relεased into thε alL
Snlall pox, chickenpox, rabies and hεpatitis arε causεd by a virus.
marine fish
rarely pee, constantly drink. have isotonic urine
fresh water fish
constantly urinate but rarely drink. very dilute urine
arthropods body cavity
Ceolomate
Platyhelminthes cavity
acoelomate
villi in small intestine do not secrete
bicarbonate!!
radioactive tracer for DNA?
phosphorus!
sarcoma
cancer of connective tissue
carcinoma
cancer of skin so present in epithelial tissue
maple, oaks and grasses are
ANGIOSPERMS
basophil quantity
LEAST of all WBC
vasa recta
capillary system that serves the loop of henle
mammals and amphibians excrete
urea
aquatic animals secrete
ammonia
humans opening of mouth or anus is called
BLASTOCYST
PRIMITIVE GUT HOLE THING IS CALLED
blastopore
in the summer, where is o2 in lake
upper layers, nutrients are in deep water
somatostatin
suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin. This suppression wi11 decrease the rate of gastric emptying along with reducing blood flow within the intestines.
humour immunity
acts against pathogens such as free viruses and bacteria and is based on circulation of antibodies.
cell mediated immunity
works against pathogens that have entered body cells by use of T cells
diapedesis
White blood cells slip through the tiny endothelial pores. neutrophils go through first!!
AB blood is
the universal recipient!!
agglutination
mixing of blood from different categories (AB and B) results in agglutination
please look at map of different terrain systems
taiga, tundra etc
south of tundra is
coniferous forest or taiga
desmosomes
abundant in the skin and randomly
arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. Desmosomes allow cells to become joined into strong epithelial
sheets.
upon stressing a bone
bone forming cells called osteoblasts deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate to
strengthen the bone. The n1Íneral hydroxyapetite is produced.
glomerular filtrate lacks__ and is similar to
large protein, plasma
first stem in urine formation
is the filtration of substances through the glomendar membrane into Bowman’ s capsule
Edward syndrome
trisomy of chromosome 1
down syndrome
trisomy 21
klinefelter syndrome
trisomy of sex
turner syndrome
MONOSOMY XO
norepinephrine and epinephrine are what kind of hormones
nonsteroidal
alcohol does what to urine
blocks vasopressin (ADH), thus urge to urinate happens as
vasopressin and BP
can also raise blood pressure due to vasoconstríctÍon
lumen is term for
space inside tube
ring of muscle on organs is called
spincter
submucosa
a connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexusεs.
golgi bodies in prokarya
DO NOT EXIST
angiosperms can be
monocots or dicots!!
cambrium tissue makes
xylem and phloem
nucleoside
sugar and base!!
- side hoe is sweet
eukarya often have MULTIPLE origins of replication!!
yes
IgA
found in saliva, sweat and tears and prevents bacteria binding to skin
IgD
antibody (immunoglobulin) is involved in differentiation of B ce11s into memory and plasma cells
hemoglobin is a __ molecule
allosteric
platelets are made from
large, multìnucleated cells in thε red marrow
called Megakaryocytes
yellow bone marrow
fat storage
spongy bone
see red marrow that functions in the formation of red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and platelets (thrombocytes
gibberelins
plants to flower as well as allow stem elongation
ethylene
fruit ripening
Abscisic acid
is an inhibitor of plant growth hormones
centriole separation occurs
in prophase
Blue-Green algae are
prokaryotes from Kingdom Monera
*** BACTERIA
peripheral proteins can be removed by
Mild treatment with salts
removing integral proteins
Detergents, organic solvents, and
ultrasonic vibrations
blue green algae __ cell walls
HAVE
female birth control
estrogen and progestin. trick body into “pregnancy”
male birth control
interfere with LH and FSH thus decrease sperm production
review hormones
plz
coagulase
an enzyme producεd by staphylococcus bacteria that allows blood to clot
grasshopper is
arthropod
Chief cells
secrete Pepsinogen
Parietal cells:
secrete HCl, intrinsic factor (B-12 absorption)
G-cells
secrete the hormonε gastrin which stimulate HCI production of parietal cells
collagen helix
TRIPLE helix
made with hydroxyproline and hydroxylysíne
Osteoblasts,
do not carry out mitosis, secretε collagen
build bone
when body needs calcium
osteoclasts break it
hormones for osteoclasts
PTH (Parathyroid hormone) will stimulatε Osteoclastic activity, whíle Calcitonin
tones down the blood calcium level by decreasing Osteoclastic activity
Scurvy
amnino acid Proline not being hydroxylated
to hydroxyproline‘ This accounts for less stability in the collagen molecule.
Cardiac Muscle:
Single nucleus, has striations as well as complex junctíons between adjacent individual cells called Intercalated discs,
it is involuntary.
skeleton muscle
Multinucleated, voluntary and striated. Nonnally does not undergo mitosis, contains thick myosin protein filaments
that slide past the thin actin protein filaments.
Smooth muscle:
Single nucleated, found in walls ofurinary bladder, digestive system, utenls, blood vessels, involuntary, non-striatεd，
actin and myosin are present, but not organized into sarcomeres like seen in skeletal muscle.
cortisol
increases blood glucose
aldosterone
increases na and cl absorption, k excretion
epinephrine
vasoconstriction of blood vessels
know fast and slow block of polyspermy
plz
highest level of hormone in secretion of me=nstrual cycle
progesteron
diatom cell wall
glass
Reverse Transcriptase
enzyme seen in retrovimses in which RNA, rather than DNA, is the genetic materíal. DNA ís made from RNA and
incorporated into the host cell
SEX LINKED DISEASE IS ALWAYS ON
X CHROMOSOME
hardy weinberg assumptions
no mutation, natural selection, migration, and all random mating
inversion of chromosome
a chromosomal segment is turned around 180 deg
translocation of chromosome
switches places
klinefelter
44 autosomes and XXY
dear god plz know mentruation and maturation of sperm inside out
plz
what did darwin lack
he did not know how variations in traits happened!!!
corpus luteum degrades to
Corpus Albicans w/o fertilization
SA node does what
starts the heart contraction
amphioxus animal
AN INVERTEBRATE
- this is a LANCET
know the viviparous oviviparous stuff
in notes
be careful when asked about where blood GOES or COMES FROm
changes the answer
genetic code is unversal except for
mitochondria
acetyl coA and phosphoenolpyruvate are ex of
high energy compounds
Cholecystokinin
honnone made by cells ofthe duodenum (first part ofthe small intestine) that stimulates bile
release
secretin
Some duodenal cells produce. stimulates the production of pancreatic juice,
especially the bicarbonate portion
gastrin
does HCl secretion
Enterogastrone
made in the duodenum, and when fatty food is in the intestÍne, it inhibits stomach gland sεcretion
and slows the stomach’s nluscular movement
KNOW THY HORMONES
plz
carbon monoxide hemoglobin is called
carbaminohemoglobin
umbilical vien carry
OXYGENATED BLOOD
ductus venosus
blood bypasses liver of baby
foramen ovale
can bypass the pulmonary
circulation
Corpus Callosum
divides the brain hemispheres
ligament connects
bone to bone
what does liver do
albumin synth, bile synth. destroy old blood, converts waste into urea but stores GLYCOGEN
diapause
like hibernation but in insects
restriction endonuclease only cuts
PALINDROME (don’t confuse with SNRPS)
urine leaves kidney by way of
ureter
gout
uric acid crystals deposit in tissues
diabetes insipidus
insufficient vasopressin production
tay sachs
lysosomal defect
Hashimoto’s disease
thyroid involvement
PKU disease
a high amount of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood
- HOMOzygous recessive and lack phenylalanine enzyme
know your embryology
plz
visual purple is
rhodopsin in retina of eye!!!
know the brain functions
plz
most enzymatic hydrolysis occurs in
small intestine!
blood from villi goes
into LACTEAL~
n2 is replenished into atmosphere by
Denitrifying bacteria!
different animals differ in their
DNA sequence!
what element separated mesozoic from Cenozoic sediments
iridium!
any cloning of cells is what technique
PCR
genomic library
all organisms’ DNA
cDNA
contains only EXPRESSED genes of an organism
products of TCA
3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1 GTP
when asked about anticodon on tRNA from DNA
REMEMBER mRNA gets made first, THEN do the matching to the mRNA
bacteria get their energy from
glycolysis and ETC!
nervous system and endocrine system link?
hypothalamus. regulates stuff and produces neurosecretins
bile enters where
duodenum
ileum is what
last part of digestive system
what is NOT produced in glycolysis and krebs
NAD+!
crossing over occurs where in meiosis
prophase 1
in any dihybrid cross remember
9: 3:3:1
- 3 and 3 are the half recessive ones
- 1 is fully recessive
islets of langerhans produce
- alpha and beta cells in pancreas. alpha: glucagon while beta makes insulin
leydig cells produce
- in testes secrete testosterone
contracting muscle has..
lactate. and it gets 2 ATP per production of lactate!!
chargaff rule
A + G = C +T
how many cranial nerves
12
- can be sensory, motor and mixed
apocrine
glands that respond to stress
eccrine
maintain body temp glands
sweat glands are.. both
apocrine and eccrine
interior of cnidoblasts are
nematocysts!
melanocytes are found in which layer
stratum germinativum
sinus is
cavity or hollow space in bone
peritoneum is
tissue that covers organs and lines body cavity
functional unit of the nervous system is
neuron!
progeria
autosomal recessive disease with premature aging
achondroplasia
dwarfism. autosomal dominant disease
r plasmids
can carry genεS for enzymes that can dεstroy antibiotics such as tεtracycline
lac operon
3 structural genes that allow for synthesis of 3 enzymes for lactose metabolism
-Lactose
binds to thε repressor and inactivates it.. It is
also required that glucose be absent. If glucose is absent, a positive gene regulation occurs‘
earth atmosphere early was made up of
reducing stuff. NH2, H2, CH4, water, Co and CO2 but NO OXYGEN
r selected species
smaller animals, who do exponential growth. minimal parent care, and low survival rate
what transports water in plants
XYLEM
excessive bone resorption
leads to excessive release of calcium from bone!! causes INCR in ca levels
skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary long fibers, MULTI nuc
smooth muscle
involuntary, tapered ends, non striated
cardiac muscle
striated, involuntary, branched
cortical reaction
formation of a fertilization membrane!!
- this is SLOW block
topoisomerase
unwinds the helix in replication and transcription!
p + q = 1
FREQUENCIES of ALLELES
p2 = 2pq = q2
frequencies of INDIVIDUAL GENOTYPES
what holds lipid bilayer together
HYDROGEN BONDING for heads, and van deer waals forces for the tails
pedigree when mom and dad both have it, and one offspring has it
autosomal dominant. Parents r heterozy
pedigree only offspring has it
autosomal dominant Parents r heterozy
pedigree dad has it, and (mostly) only daughters have it
x linked dominant.
pedigree (mostly) only sons have it
x linked recessive
