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DAT Destroyer review > bio > Flashcards

bio Flashcards

1
Q

tattoo goes in which layer of skin

A

dermis

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2
Q

Dinos appeared in which period

A

triassic period

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3
Q

what proteins to cytokinesis

A

actin and myosin

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4
Q

cri du chat is an example of what

A

partial monosomy

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5
Q

penicillin inhibits

A

cell walls of bacteria

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6
Q

Microarray technology

A

allows a researcher to examine many genes and determine which are expressed in a particular
cell type. slide containing thousands of genes are placed in spots

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7
Q

somatic cell transfer

A

stem cell research where u take cell of body and create an ovum?

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8
Q

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP

A

a method for determining the kinetics of diffusion through tissue or cells

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9
Q

ouabain

A

poison that messes with Na and K pump

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10
Q

valve at junction of small and large intestine

A

ileocecal valve

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11
Q

colchine

A

Colchicine is an alkaloid that inhibits the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules. Microtubules and associated
proteins c01nprise the mitotic spindle. Mitosis would stop if Colchicine is present.

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12
Q

radioactive iodine test

A

concentrates in thyroid

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13
Q

what happens with vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to kidney

A

decreased rate of filtration

* same affect with blood flow dec,

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14
Q

what happens with vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to kidney

A

increased rate of filtration

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15
Q

__ innervations affect the afferent arterioles and decreases the volume of urine flow

A

sympathetic

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16
Q

know your types of hormones and examples

A

plz

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17
Q

connective tissue comes from which layer

A

mesoderm

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18
Q

identical twins happen cuz of

A

indeterminate cleavage (instead of determinate)

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19
Q

jaundice

A

from excess bile pigments such as bilirubin

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20
Q

ciliary muscle in eye

A

adjust lens shape

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21
Q

a cancerous cell known as a ___ grows indefintely

A

myeloma

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22
Q

lymphocyte fuses with a myeloma cell

A

hybridoma and can now produce a desired antibody!

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23
Q

Prostaglandins

A

modified fatty acids which help induce fever, pain sensation, and inflmnmation.

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24
Q

adrenal gland makes

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone.

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25
Q

which trimester do organs develop

A

1st ** also most sensitive here!!!

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26
Q

how to break disulphide bond

A

reducing conditions

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27
Q

bacteria endospores

A

Endospores are resistant

to extremes of temperature, chemicals, toxins, detergents ，as well as radiation . will have a thick outer coat.

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28
Q

macrophages size

A

Macrophagεs are the largest phagocytic cells and wil1 phagocytize bacteria.

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29
Q

neutrophil amount

A

Neutrophils make up

about 60% of white blood cells

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30
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

includes animals flocking, as well as spiders spinning webs! complex behaviour that comes from stimulus!

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31
Q

lymphocyte amount

A

Neutrophils l11ake up about 60% of the white blood cells, with lymphocytes making up 30%

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32
Q

spleen

A

makes lymphocytes, filters blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells

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33
Q

epinephrine cascade

A

can bind to a receptor and cause a cascade which

ultÌIl1ately leads to glycogen breakdown

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34
Q

nerve growth factors cascade??

A

regulate cell behavior by binding with receptors that can cause a biochel11ical
cascade

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35
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of nutrìents to provide energy. Anabolism is the synthesis of biomolecules from
simpler compounds

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36
Q

Adenylyl cyclase`

A

catalyzes ATP to cyclic AMP

inactive until epinephrine binds to the receptor protein. The cyclic AMP functions as a second
messenger

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37
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

contains a version of the living microbe that has been weakened and modified in the lab.
However the ability to induce protective immunity remains as virulence is lost

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38
Q

tuberculosis

A

a diseasε causεd by bacteria that spreads through microscopic droplεts relεased into thε alL
Snlall pox, chickenpox, rabies and hεpatitis arε causεd by a virus.

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39
Q

marine fish

A

rarely pee, constantly drink. have isotonic urine

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40
Q

fresh water fish

A

constantly urinate but rarely drink. very dilute urine

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41
Q

arthropods body cavity

A

Ceolomate

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42
Q

Platyhelminthes cavity

A

acoelomate

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43
Q

villi in small intestine do not secrete

A

bicarbonate!!

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44
Q

radioactive tracer for DNA?

A

phosphorus!

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45
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer of connective tissue

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46
Q

carcinoma

A

cancer of skin so present in epithelial tissue

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47
Q

maple, oaks and grasses are

A

ANGIOSPERMS

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48
Q

basophil quantity

A

LEAST of all WBC

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49
Q

vasa recta

A

capillary system that serves the loop of henle

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50
Q

mammals and amphibians excrete

A

urea

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51
Q

aquatic animals secrete

A

ammonia

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52
Q

humans opening of mouth or anus is called

A

BLASTOCYST

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53
Q

PRIMITIVE GUT HOLE THING IS CALLED

A

blastopore

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54
Q

in the summer, where is o2 in lake

A

upper layers, nutrients are in deep water

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55
Q

somatostatin

A

suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin. This suppression wi11 decrease the rate of gastric emptying along with reducing blood flow within the intestines.

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56
Q

humour immunity

A

acts against pathogens such as free viruses and bacteria and is based on circulation of antibodies.

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57
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

works against pathogens that have entered body cells by use of T cells

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58
Q

diapedesis

A

White blood cells slip through the tiny endothelial pores. neutrophils go through first!!

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59
Q

AB blood is

A

the universal recipient!!

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60
Q

agglutination

A

mixing of blood from different categories (AB and B) results in agglutination

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61
Q

please look at map of different terrain systems

A

taiga, tundra etc

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62
Q

south of tundra is

A

coniferous forest or taiga

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63
Q

desmosomes

A

abundant in the skin and randomly
arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. Desmosomes allow cells to become joined into strong epithelial
sheets.

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64
Q

upon stressing a bone

A

bone forming cells called osteoblasts deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate to
strengthen the bone. The n1Íneral hydroxyapetite is produced.

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65
Q

glomerular filtrate lacks__ and is similar to

A

large protein, plasma

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66
Q

first stem in urine formation

A

is the filtration of substances through the glomendar membrane into Bowman’ s capsule

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67
Q

Edward syndrome

A

trisomy of chromosome 1

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68
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

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69
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

trisomy of sex

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70
Q

turner syndrome

A

MONOSOMY XO

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71
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine are what kind of hormones

A

nonsteroidal

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72
Q

alcohol does what to urine

A

blocks vasopressin (ADH), thus urge to urinate happens as

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73
Q

vasopressin and BP

A

can also raise blood pressure due to vasoconstríctÍon

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74
Q

lumen is term for

A

space inside tube

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75
Q

ring of muscle on organs is called

A

spincter

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76
Q

submucosa

A

a connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexusεs.

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77
Q

golgi bodies in prokarya

A

DO NOT EXIST

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78
Q

angiosperms can be

A

monocots or dicots!!

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79
Q

cambrium tissue makes

A

xylem and phloem

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80
Q

nucleoside

A

sugar and base!!

- side hoe is sweet

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81
Q

eukarya often have MULTIPLE origins of replication!!

A

yes

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82
Q

IgA

A

found in saliva, sweat and tears and prevents bacteria binding to skin

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83
Q

IgD

A

antibody (immunoglobulin) is involved in differentiation of B ce11s into memory and plasma cells

84
Q

hemoglobin is a __ molecule

A

allosteric

85
Q

platelets are made from

A

large, multìnucleated cells in thε red marrow

called Megakaryocytes

86
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fat storage

87
Q

spongy bone

A

see red marrow that functions in the formation of red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and platelets (thrombocytes

88
Q

gibberelins

A

plants to flower as well as allow stem elongation

89
Q

ethylene

A

fruit ripening

90
Q

Abscisic acid

A

is an inhibitor of plant growth hormones

91
Q

centriole separation occurs

A

in prophase

92
Q

Blue-Green algae are

A

prokaryotes from Kingdom Monera

*** BACTERIA

93
Q

peripheral proteins can be removed by

A

Mild treatment with salts

94
Q

removing integral proteins

A

Detergents, organic solvents, and

ultrasonic vibrations

95
Q

blue green algae __ cell walls

A

HAVE

96
Q

female birth control

A

estrogen and progestin. trick body into “pregnancy”

97
Q

male birth control

A

interfere with LH and FSH thus decrease sperm production

98
Q

review hormones

A

plz

99
Q

coagulase

A

an enzyme producεd by staphylococcus bacteria that allows blood to clot

100
Q

grasshopper is

A

arthropod

101
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete Pepsinogen

102
Q

Parietal cells:

A

secrete HCl, intrinsic factor (B-12 absorption)

103
Q

G-cells

A

secrete the hormonε gastrin which stimulate HCI production of parietal cells

104
Q

collagen helix

A

TRIPLE helix

made with hydroxyproline and hydroxylysíne

105
Q

Osteoblasts,

A

do not carry out mitosis, secretε collagen

build bone

106
Q

when body needs calcium

A

osteoclasts break it

107
Q

hormones for osteoclasts

A

PTH (Parathyroid hormone) will stimulatε Osteoclastic activity, whíle Calcitonin
tones down the blood calcium level by decreasing Osteoclastic activity

108
Q

Scurvy

A

amnino acid Proline not being hydroxylated

to hydroxyproline‘ This accounts for less stability in the collagen molecule.

109
Q

Cardiac Muscle:

A

Single nucleus, has striations as well as complex junctíons between adjacent individual cells called Intercalated discs,
it is involuntary.

110
Q

skeleton muscle

A

Multinucleated, voluntary and striated. Nonnally does not undergo mitosis, contains thick myosin protein filaments
that slide past the thin actin protein filaments.

111
Q

Smooth muscle:

A

Single nucleated, found in walls ofurinary bladder, digestive system, utenls, blood vessels, involuntary, non-striatεd，
actin and myosin are present, but not organized into sarcomeres like seen in skeletal muscle.

112
Q

cortisol

A

increases blood glucose

113
Q

aldosterone

A

increases na and cl absorption, k excretion

114
Q

epinephrine

A

vasoconstriction of blood vessels

115
Q

know fast and slow block of polyspermy

A

plz

116
Q

highest level of hormone in secretion of me=nstrual cycle

A

progesteron

117
Q

diatom cell wall

A

glass

118
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

enzyme seen in retrovimses in which RNA, rather than DNA, is the genetic materíal. DNA ís made from RNA and
incorporated into the host cell

119
Q

SEX LINKED DISEASE IS ALWAYS ON

A

X CHROMOSOME

120
Q

hardy weinberg assumptions

A

no mutation, natural selection, migration, and all random mating

121
Q

inversion of chromosome

A

a chromosomal segment is turned around 180 deg

122
Q

translocation of chromosome

A

switches places

123
Q

klinefelter

A

44 autosomes and XXY

124
Q

dear god plz know mentruation and maturation of sperm inside out

A

plz

125
Q

what did darwin lack

A

he did not know how variations in traits happened!!!

126
Q

corpus luteum degrades to

A

Corpus Albicans w/o fertilization

127
Q

SA node does what

A

starts the heart contraction

128
Q

amphioxus animal

A

AN INVERTEBRATE

- this is a LANCET

129
Q

know the viviparous oviviparous stuff

A

in notes

130
Q

be careful when asked about where blood GOES or COMES FROm

A

changes the answer

131
Q

genetic code is unversal except for

A

mitochondria

132
Q

acetyl coA and phosphoenolpyruvate are ex of

A

high energy compounds

133
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

honnone made by cells ofthe duodenum (first part ofthe small intestine) that stimulates bile
release

134
Q

secretin

A

Some duodenal cells produce. stimulates the production of pancreatic juice,
especially the bicarbonate portion

135
Q

gastrin

A

does HCl secretion

136
Q

Enterogastrone

A

made in the duodenum, and when fatty food is in the intestÍne, it inhibits stomach gland sεcretion
and slows the stomach’s nluscular movement

137
Q

KNOW THY HORMONES

A

plz

138
Q

carbon monoxide hemoglobin is called

A

carbaminohemoglobin

139
Q

umbilical vien carry

A

OXYGENATED BLOOD

140
Q

ductus venosus

A

blood bypasses liver of baby

141
Q

foramen ovale

A

can bypass the pulmonary

circulation

142
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

divides the brain hemispheres

143
Q

ligament connects

A

bone to bone

144
Q

what does liver do

A

albumin synth, bile synth. destroy old blood, converts waste into urea but stores GLYCOGEN

145
Q

diapause

A

like hibernation but in insects

146
Q

restriction endonuclease only cuts

A

PALINDROME (don’t confuse with SNRPS)

147
Q

urine leaves kidney by way of

A

ureter

148
Q

gout

A

uric acid crystals deposit in tissues

149
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

insufficient vasopressin production

150
Q

tay sachs

A

lysosomal defect

151
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

thyroid involvement

152
Q

PKU disease

A

a high amount of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood

  • HOMOzygous recessive and lack phenylalanine enzyme
153
Q

know your embryology

A

plz

154
Q

visual purple is

A

rhodopsin in retina of eye!!!

155
Q

know the brain functions

A

plz

156
Q

most enzymatic hydrolysis occurs in

A

small intestine!

157
Q

blood from villi goes

A

into LACTEAL~

158
Q

n2 is replenished into atmosphere by

A

Denitrifying bacteria!

159
Q

different animals differ in their

A

DNA sequence!

160
Q

what element separated mesozoic from Cenozoic sediments

A

iridium!

161
Q

any cloning of cells is what technique

A

PCR

162
Q

genomic library

A

all organisms’ DNA

163
Q

cDNA

A

contains only EXPRESSED genes of an organism

164
Q

products of TCA

A

3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1 GTP

165
Q

when asked about anticodon on tRNA from DNA

A

REMEMBER mRNA gets made first, THEN do the matching to the mRNA

166
Q

bacteria get their energy from

A

glycolysis and ETC!

167
Q

nervous system and endocrine system link?

A

hypothalamus. regulates stuff and produces neurosecretins

168
Q

bile enters where

A

duodenum

169
Q

ileum is what

A

last part of digestive system

170
Q

what is NOT produced in glycolysis and krebs

A

NAD+!

171
Q

crossing over occurs where in meiosis

A

prophase 1

172
Q

in any dihybrid cross remember

A

9: 3:3:1
- 3 and 3 are the half recessive ones
- 1 is fully recessive

173
Q

islets of langerhans produce

A
  • alpha and beta cells in pancreas. alpha: glucagon while beta makes insulin
174
Q

leydig cells produce

A
  • in testes secrete testosterone
175
Q

contracting muscle has..

A

lactate. and it gets 2 ATP per production of lactate!!

176
Q

chargaff rule

A

A + G = C +T

177
Q

how many cranial nerves

A

12

- can be sensory, motor and mixed

178
Q

apocrine

A

glands that respond to stress

179
Q

eccrine

A

maintain body temp glands

180
Q

sweat glands are.. both

A

apocrine and eccrine

181
Q

interior of cnidoblasts are

A

nematocysts!

182
Q

melanocytes are found in which layer

A

stratum germinativum

183
Q

sinus is

A

cavity or hollow space in bone

184
Q

peritoneum is

A

tissue that covers organs and lines body cavity

185
Q

functional unit of the nervous system is

A

neuron!

186
Q

progeria

A

autosomal recessive disease with premature aging

187
Q

achondroplasia

A

dwarfism. autosomal dominant disease

188
Q

r plasmids

A

can carry genεS for enzymes that can dεstroy antibiotics such as tεtracycline

189
Q

lac operon

A

3 structural genes that allow for synthesis of 3 enzymes for lactose metabolism

-Lactose
binds to thε repressor and inactivates it.. It is
also required that glucose be absent. If glucose is absent, a positive gene regulation occurs‘

190
Q

earth atmosphere early was made up of

A

reducing stuff. NH2, H2, CH4, water, Co and CO2 but NO OXYGEN

191
Q

r selected species

A

smaller animals, who do exponential growth. minimal parent care, and low survival rate

192
Q

what transports water in plants

A

XYLEM

193
Q

excessive bone resorption

A

leads to excessive release of calcium from bone!! causes INCR in ca levels

194
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, voluntary long fibers, MULTI nuc

195
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary, tapered ends, non striated

196
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, involuntary, branched

197
Q

cortical reaction

A

formation of a fertilization membrane!!

- this is SLOW block

198
Q

topoisomerase

A

unwinds the helix in replication and transcription!

199
Q

p + q = 1

A

FREQUENCIES of ALLELES

200
Q

p2 = 2pq = q2

A

frequencies of INDIVIDUAL GENOTYPES

201
Q

what holds lipid bilayer together

A

HYDROGEN BONDING for heads, and van deer waals forces for the tails

202
Q

pedigree when mom and dad both have it, and one offspring has it

A

autosomal dominant. Parents r heterozy

203
Q

pedigree only offspring has it

A

autosomal dominant Parents r heterozy

204
Q

pedigree dad has it, and (mostly) only daughters have it

A

x linked dominant.

205
Q

pedigree (mostly) only sons have it

A

x linked recessive

DAT Destroyer review (4 decks)

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