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Bio > Bio 3rd Exam > Flashcards

Bio 3rd Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous System

A

Responsible for reception and processing of sensory info from external and internal environments.

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2
Q

Plants nervous system?

A

○ Venus Fly Trap
○ Mimosa- “Touch-Me-Not” plant
○ Plants do not exhibit nervous tissue but some do move
○ Accomplished by changes in turgor pressure
○ Move toward light
§ Growth movement

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3
Q

Cephalization

A

Movement of all sensory receptors and the brain to an anterior position

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4
Q

First Function of Nervous system

A

Ability to detect a range of stimuli such as
§ Sight
§ Sound
§ Taste
§ Touch
§ Temperature
§ Balance

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5
Q

2nd, 4th, and 5th Function of Nervous system

A

○ Ability to respond in a predictable manner to these stimuli
○ Ability to store and recall information
○ Ability to think and reason

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6
Q

Third Function of Nervous system

A

○ Regulate body functions such as
§ Heart rate
§ Breathing
§ Digestion
§ Absorption
§ Temperature regulation

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7
Q

What are Neurons

A

○ Basic unit of the nervous system
○ More than 100 billion in average human

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8
Q

Parts of Neurons

A

○ Tissue is unusual
§ Does not repair nor replace itself
○ Cell body
§ Large numbers of Golgi bodies
○ Dendrites
§ Shor extensions that receive signals from sensory receptors

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9
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

§ Insulation
§ Function to increase rate of impulse speed

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10
Q

Synapse

A

§ Knob bulb cleft or button
§ Site of neurotransmitter release

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11
Q

Myelinated Fibers

A
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12
Q

Axon

A
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13
Q

Unmyelinated Fibers

A
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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

§ Function in the insulation of the axon

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15
Q

Impulse in muscle fiber

A

1) Results in muscle contraction
2) Locomotor Activities

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16
Q

Impulse in Gland

A

1) Secretion
2) Digestion, Growth & Sex Hormones

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17
Q

Where does Impulse occur

A

Muscle Fiber
Gland
Another Nerve Cell

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18
Q

Synapse pt. 2

A

§ Acts as a switch
§ Release of Neurotransmitters
§ Functions on Target Cells
□ Excitatory
□ Or Inhibitory

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19
Q

Wave of Reversed Polarity

A

○ known as Impulse or Action Potential
○ Sodium Potassium pump

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20
Q

Impulse transition

A

○ At rest
○ Positive (+) on the outside
§ Na+ on the outside
○ Negative (-) on the inside
§ K- on the inside
○ Termed “Polarity”
○ An impulse is a “Wave of reversed polarity”
○ Impulse is determined “Action potential”
○ Produced by the “Na/K Pump”

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21
Q

Properties of the Neuron and Nerve impulse

A

○ Unidirectional
○ Threshold varies
○ Once stimulated it’s all or None
○ It may fatigue
Exhibits a refractory period

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22
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

○ Brain
○ Cranial nerves
○ Spinal nerves
○ Spinal cord

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23
Q

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves

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24
Q

3 types of Neurons

A

Sensory Neurons
Interneuron
Motor Neuron

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25
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

§ Connect sensory receptors such as sight and hearing to the CNS

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26
Q

Interneuron

A

§ Found only in the CNS
§ Provides connecting link between sensory & motor neurons

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27
Q

Motor Neurons

A

§ Connect the CNS with muscles & glands

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28
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

○ Taste and sense of smell
○ Taste buds
§ In mouth
○ Olfactory cells
§ Roof of nasal cavity
○ Insect antennae
§ Chemical attractants known as pheromones
□ Ex: Gypsy moth

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29
Q

Photoreceptors

A

○ Pick up light and/or images
§ Flatworm eye detects light versus dark environments
§ Dragonfly eye detect images & movement

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30
Q

Our Eyes

A

○ Cornea
○ Iris
§ Light
○ Lens
○ Retina
§ This is where the image is formed
○ Optic Nerve
○ Rods
§ Black and white vision
§ Cones
□ Color vision

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31
Q

Corrective Lenses

A

Contact Lenses
LASIK Surgery
Detached Retina

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32
Q

Cataracts

A

§ Clouding of the lens
□ Maybe inherited or just comes with aging
§ A form of cataract surgery was reported to be used in India during the 3rd century
§ It was a dangerous method of dislodging the lens with a curved needle to push the opaque lens out of the way of vision
§ Resulted in blindness in 7-% of cases and very little improvement in vision

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33
Q

Cataract Surgery

A

○ Defective lens is liquefied and removed
○ New lens (PVC) is inserted
§ Results are instant

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34
Q

LASIK or Lasik

A

○ Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis
○ Laser eye surgery
○ Reshape the eye’s cornea

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35
Q

Astigmatism

A

Irregular curvature of the cornea or abnormalities in the lens of the eye

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36
Q

Meninges

A

§ Three Membranes which surround the brain
§ Meningitis
Inflammation/infection of this area of the brain

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37
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

§ Released by the brain
Increase can cause condition known as Hydrocephalic

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38
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

§ Extensive bridge of nerve tracts

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39
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

§ Thin highly convoluted outer layer of gray matter

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40
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries

A

○ Common causes of damage are trauma
§ Car accidents
§ Gunshots
§ Falls
§ Sports injuries

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41
Q

Damage-Disease- Addiction

A

○ Major problem
§ Nerve tissue will not regenerate nor repair itself
○ Alternate pathway learning
§ Pre-frontal lobotomy
§ Rehabilitation
○ General frustration of “How” the brain works
○ Known fact
§ It can be classically conditioned
Déjà vu

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42
Q

Medical Conditions

A

§ D.T.’s - Delirium Tremens- excess use of alcohol
§ Parkinson’s disease - Mohamid Ali
Alzheimer’s Disease

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43
Q

Crack Cocaine

A

○ Crack is 100% addictive with first use
○ Cocaine prevents the enzymatic re-cycling of the neurotransmitter Dopamine
○ Produces a continual stimulation of the pleasure centers of the brain
○ If first dose kills- it is due to respiratory and cardiac failure

44
Q

Movement

A
  • Conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy
45
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

○ Primary function is Support
○ Secondary function is Movement (or locomotion)
This is accomplished in conjunction with our muscle systems

46
Q

Endoskeleton

A

§ Internal
Made of calcium carbonate

47
Q

Exoskeleton

A

§ External
§ Chitin
§ Restricted in Size
§ Must be molted

48
Q

Where are largest animals

A

○ Our largest vertebrates and invertebrates are found in the marine environment
○ Largest vertebrate is the Blue Whale
○ Largest invertebrate Giant Squid

49
Q

Can one have a large organism without a skeletal system?

A

○ Yes
○ Lion’s mane jellyfish
§ Hydrostatic skeleton
§ No support
§ Just locomotion
○ Removed from water?
§ PANCAKE
○ What are implications for us?
§ Easier to exercise in water and childbirth

50
Q

Composed of Two regions

A

Axial Skeleton
Appendicular

51
Q

Axial Skelton

A

§ Skull, ribs, spine, tailbone
§ Functions in protection of major organ systems

52
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Arms
Legs
Functions in movement

53
Q

Skeletal system is composed of both:

A

○ Cartilage and bone
○ Both have advantages and disadvantages

54
Q

Cartilage

A

○ Lightweight and flexible

55
Q

Bone

A

○ Heavy and Rigid
○ Will repair itself (including the skull)

56
Q

Trepanning

A

○ Making a burr hole in the skull
○ Common in many cultures in Europe and the southwestern American Indians

57
Q

Osteoporosis

A

○ Calcium loss in bones
○ High in females
○ 980% of the estimated 10 million Americans who have osteoporosis are women
○ Increases with Age
○ About 15% of women break their hip at some point in life
○ The risk of death in the year following a fracture is about 20% in older people

58
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis

A

○ Prevention is best
○ Calcium - diet high in calcium
○ Calcium Supplements
○ Bone Density tests

59
Q

Sarcomere

A

○ Basic unit of muscle tissue
○ Ability to contract
○ Composed of two protiens
§ Actin
§ Myosin
§ Function like an electro-magnet

60
Q

Properties of Muscle system

A

○ Individual muscle unites (sarcomeres) exhibit the same “All or None” principle as the nerve cells
○ The Balance in “Muscle tone” is a conditioned response
○ Individual “Muscle ticks” such as hiccoughs are a function of the nervous system
○ “Muscle Relaxers” act on the nervous system - not the muscles

61
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

○ Found in our intestines
○ Non-striated
○ Involuntary

62
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

○ Attached to skeletal system
○ Most visible
§ Larger muscle of the appendicular skeleton
○ Striated
○ Voluntary

63
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

○ Found only in the heart
○ Striated
○ Involuntary

64
Q

Muscle Cramps

A

○ Cramps are the result of low sodium levels in your body
○ Old remedy
§ Jar of pickle juice
○ New Remedy
§ Gatorade
§ About 7% sodium

65
Q

Tetanus (lockjaw)

A

○ 40-50 cases/year reported in Us since 1995
○ Worldwide
§ 500 thousand - million/year
On average 10% are fatal

66
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A

○ After changing
○ Not all steroids are harmful
○ Increase in the synthesis of muscle proteins
○ Testosterone base in way they work on the body

67
Q

Side effects in Males

A

§ Produce an increase in Irritability and Aggressiveness (Roid Rage)
§ Acne-Baldness
§ Shrinking of the testes

68
Q

Side effects in Females

A

§ Increase in facial hair
§ Decrease in breast size

69
Q

Cell Division

A

○ Mitosis
§ 2N cells -> 2N cells
§ Accounts for normal cell growth
○ Meiosis
§ 2N cells -> 1N cells
§ Reduction division
Egg & sperm cells

70
Q

Chromosomes

A

○ Color body
○ Protein & DNA

71
Q

Karyotype

A

○ 22 pair of autosomes
○ 1 pair of sex chromosomes

72
Q

Two functions of Cell Division

A

○ Karyokinesis
§ Splitting of chromosomes
○ Cytokinesis
§ Splitting of cytoplasm

73
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

Made of Microtubules

74
Q

Interphase

A

§ G1
□ Growing after split
§ S
□ Synthesis
§ G2
□ Growing after synthesis

75
Q

Prophase

A

§ Cells come together
§ Nuclear membrane begins to fragment and disappears
Microtubules appear & form the spindle

76
Q

Metaphase

A

§ Chromosomes align at the center of the spindle

77
Q

Anaphase

A

§ Separated chromosomes and move to poles of the spindle

78
Q

Telophase

A

§ Nuclear membrane reforms
§ Chromosomes begin to disappear
§ Cleavage furrow pinches the cell in half to form two cells

79
Q

PMAT

A

○ Nonsense term for remembering the stages of cell division

80
Q

Types of Reproduction

A

○ Asexual
○ Sexual

81
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

○ Used by plants and many lower life forms (Bacteria)
○ Insures survival
Offspring are identical

82
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

○ Based upon the types of gametes produced
○ Used by most advanced plants and animals
○ Insures a higher level of variation
Needs more than one individual

83
Q

Male sperm Cell

A

○ Small in size
○ Life expectancy 24-36 hours
○ Without yolk
○ With a flagellum
Mobile

84
Q

Female Egg Cell

A

○ Large in size
○ Contains large amounts of yolk
○ Without a flagellum
Non-mobile

85
Q

Protandry

A

○ Change sex with age
Ex: Mollusks

86
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

○ Produce fertile eggs when males are absence

87
Q

Bees and Wasps

A

○ Females are diploid
○ Males are haploid

88
Q

Male Organ

A

Testes
Penis
Scrotum
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate Gland
Urethra
Spermatogenesis

89
Q

Testes

A

§ Outside body cavity located in scrotum
§ Temperature regulating mechanism
§ Very high temp decrease sperm production
§ Two functions
□ Sperm production
□ Secretion of Testosterone
Not castration of livestock

90
Q

Vas Deferens

A

§ Tube passes out of scrotum into body cavity and on to the penis
Site of hernia and vasectomy

91
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

Add fluid to sperm to produce semen

92
Q

Prostate Gland

A

§ Site of cancer in older men
Add fluid to sperm to produce semen

93
Q

Urethra

A

Final passage of the semen during sexual intercourse

94
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of 4 haploid sperm cells from 1 diploid cell

95
Q

Female Organ

A

Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
Cervix
Oogenesis

96
Q

Oviduct

A

§ Fallopian tubes
Tubular pregnancy and tubular ligation

97
Q

Ovary

A

§ Located in body cavity
§ Two functions
□ Production of eggs
Production of estrogen

98
Q

Uterus

A

§ Womb
§ Child is carried here
§ Inner lining
Endometrium

99
Q

Vagina

A

Deposition of sperm during intercourse

100
Q

Cervix

A

IUD’s inserted here

101
Q

Day 14 of the 28 day cycle

A

§ Ovulation and possible pregnancy

102
Q

Oogenesis

A

§ Production of egg cells

103
Q

Contraception

A

○ Any means of preventing a pregnancy
○ Abstention: 100%
○ Rhythm method: ~ 80%
○ Condom: ~ 90%
○ IUD: ~ 95%
○ The Pill: ~ 98-99%
○ Spermicides: ~ 50-80%
○ Vasectomy: Above 99%
○ Tubial Ligation: Above 99%
○ Surgical reversals are only 50% effective

104
Q

Placenta

A

○ Capillary bed between fetal and maternal blood flows
Exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, urea, etc.

105
Q

Ectoderm

A

○ Epidermis of skin
○ Epithelium of mouth and nose
○ Nervous system

106
Q

Mesoderm

A

○ Skeleton
○ Muscles
Dermis of skin

107
Q

Endoderm

A

○ Digestive system and associated glands

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