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Bio 1st exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Scientific Method limited to and cannot test?

A

o Limited to physical world
o Cannot test:
§ Religion
§ Witchcraft
§ Magic

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2
Q

First step of Scientific Methos

A

Make extensive series of observations
§ Relationship of temp. & various states of water

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3
Q

Second Step of Scientific Method

A

Propose a Hypothesis
§ Ice appears to form at temp below 0 degrees C
§ Water appears to exist between 0-100 degrees C
§ Steam appears to exist above 100 C

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4
Q

Third step of Scientific Method

A

Test the hypothesis
§ Hard part:
· Fix all variables (except being tested)
· Use of Controls
· Placebos
· Guinea Pigs

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5
Q

Fourth Step of Scientific Method

A

Formulate Conclusions (explanations)
§ Subject to peer review
§ Withstand additional testing it will become a theory or possibly a law
§ Examples of Laws:
· Newtons Laws about realitivity
· E=mc2
· Speed of light
Speed of sound

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6
Q

What is Bias?

A

Bias is prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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7
Q

What does Carbon define?

A

Living things

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8
Q

What molecules are found in living organisms?

A

○ Carbohydrates
○ Lipids (fats)
○ Proteins
○ Nucleic Acids
Carbo hydrates Lipids and Nucleic Acids for Protein

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9
Q

Element

A

Substance of single type of atom (cannot be decomp. into simpler substances)

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10
Q

Humans are composed of what 4 main elements?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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11
Q

What charges do protons, neutrons, and electrons have?

A

Protons have positive charge
Neutrons have a neutral charge
Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus (very fast)

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12
Q

Isotopes

A

○ Same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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13
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Various types of energy in form of rays and subatomic particles
Behaves the same chemically as regular isotope
Radioactive

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14
Q

Inert Gases (1st shell/ 2nd shell/ 3rd shell)

A

Helium - 2/0/0
Neon - 2/8/0
Argon- 2/8/8

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15
Q

Atom number

A

§ # of protons in nucleus

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16
Q

Atomic symbol

A

Letter of element

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17
Q

Atomic mass

A

Sum of protons and neutrons

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18
Q

What is compound made of

A

Substance w/ two or more elements that can be decomposed into simpler substances (I.e.- elements)

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19
Q

Smallest unit of compound?

A

Molecule

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20
Q

Ionic Bonding: What charge is losing an electron

A

+ charge

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21
Q

Ionic Bonding: What charge is gaining an electron

A
  • charge
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22
Q

What is Ionic Bonding

A

Transfer of electrons

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction of slightly positive, covalently bonded hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity

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24
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

sharing of electrons

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25
Q

What is a mole?

A

Unit of scientific measurement for atoms, ions, and molecules.

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26
Q

What are Acids?

A

Dissociate in water releasing hydrogen ions (H+)

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27
Q

What are Bases?

A

Substances that either take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)

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28
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

Used to indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution

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29
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Keeps the pH within normal limits

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30
Q

What are organic Molecules

A

§ Carbohydrates
§ Lipids
§ Proteins
§ Nucleic acids

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31
Q

Whats a Macromolecule

A

Molecule that contains many subunits

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32
Q

What is the dehydration reaction and what reaction is it?

A

§ -OH (hydroxyl group) and H (hydrogen atom) (equivalent of water) are removed from molecule forms
§ Synthesis reaction

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33
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

Components of water are added during breaking of the bond between the molecules

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34
Q

What type of energy do Carbohydrates give you?

A

Quick Energy

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35
Q

What elements apart of Carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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36
Q

Monosaccharide vs Disaccharide

A

Monosaccharide- 1 Carbon ring (glucose)

Disaccharide - 2 Carbon rings (maltose)

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37
Q

What are some complex Carbohydrates and what do each of them do?

A

○ Polysaccharides
§ Made of many carbon rings (3 or more)

○ Glycogen
§ is the storage form in animals

○ Starch
§ Storage form in plants

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38
Q

What are structural Supports?

A

○ Cellulose in plants
○ Chitin- exoskeleton of arthropods
○ Chitin- cell wall in fungi

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39
Q

Types of Lipids

A

○ Fats
§ Triglycerides
○ Phospholipids
§ Basic structure of cell membranes
○ Steroids
§ Includes sex hormones & cholesterol
○ Fatty acids
§Can be very wrong

40
Q

Structure of Lipids

A

○ A glycerol molecule made of 3 fatty acids

41
Q

Fats and oils - -C=C-

A

§ Unsaturated
§ Oils - From plants
§ Healthy
□ Current labeling
Poly-Unsaturated

42
Q

Fats and oils - -C-C-

A

§ Saturated
§ Fats - from animals
§ Unhealthy

43
Q

Trans Fats

A

§ Occur naturally in meat and dairy products

§ Many are artificially created from vegetable oils (Make semi-solid)

§ Difficult to digest & tend to accumulate in our circulatory system

44
Q

What are Steroids?

A

○ A lipid
○ Structure is four fused carbon rings
○ Examples are cholesterol and sex hormones
○ Ana means after. Bolic means changing. Anabolic steroids.

45
Q

What are the Functions of Lipids?

A

○ Energy
§ Long term storage
○ Membrane and organelles
§ Structure of the cell
○ Sex hormones
○ Cholesterol

46
Q

What are in protiens?

A

Amnio Acids

47
Q

What are main functions of Amino Acids?

A

§ Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes, and transport

§ Can denature, change in shape, that causes loss of function

§ 100’s of these but NINE of these are considered “essential”

48
Q

Problems with Vegetarian & vegan diets and how to avoid?

A

□ Lack of these essential amino acids
§ Milk, Cheese & Eggs

49
Q

What are Peptides?

A

§ Covalent bond between two amino acids
3 or more is called a polypeptide

50
Q

What is Denaturation?

A

§ Proteins exposed to heat

51
Q

What is the function of protiens?

A

§ Structural support

§ Movement- muscles in conjunction with the skeleton

§ Enzymes- speed up chemical reactions

52
Q

What are the 5 base pairs

A

§ Adenine (A) & guanin (G) are double-ringed purines

§ Cytosine©, thymine (T) and uracil (U) are single-ringed pyrimidines

§ In DNA - A pairs with T and G pairs with C

53
Q

What are Nucleotide Subunits?

A

Phosphate + Sugar + Nitrogen base

54
Q

More functions of protiens?

A

§ Code genetic information

§ DNA from parents (chromosomes)

RNA protein assimilation in cells (ribosomes)

55
Q

What divides animal and plant cells?

A

Cell Wall

56
Q

Characteristic of Life?

A

○ Ability to reproduce itself
○ Ability to code Chemical Change
○ Ability to acquire and use energy.
§ Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
○ Ability to change

57
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

○ The cell is the basic organizational unit of life
○ All organisms are composed of one or more cells
○ All cells arise from pre-existing cells

58
Q

Where did the first cells come from?

A

Came from how the honeycomb style of cells in the cork reminded them of a monastery cell.

59
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

§ Found in bacteria and some primitive algae
§ Lack membrane-bound organelles
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

60
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

§ Found in advanced plants & animals
§ Possess membrane-bound organelles
§ Such as:
□ Nucleus
□ Mitochondria
□ Golgi body
□ Etc.

61
Q

How old is earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

61
Q

How do plant cells differ from animal cells

A

§ Lack of locomotion (do not move about - exhibit a fixed location)
□ Cell wall made of cellulose
§ Exhibit autotrophic nutrition
□ Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis
(carbon dioxide + water -> carbohydrate + oxygen)

62
Q

Define Life

A

Reproduce itself
Ability to code chemical change
Requires the ability to acquire & use energy
Ability to change

63
Q

Age of Earth

A

○ 4.5 billion years old

64
Q

Origin of Life

A

○ Occurred approximately 3.5 billion years ago (or earlier).

65
Q

Four major groups

A

Carbohydrates (energy structure)
Lipids (energy hormones)
Proteins (Structure and movement)
Nucleic acids (Chemical coding)

66
Q

What was early atomosphere of earth composed of?

A

○ Carbon monoxide (CO) & Carbon dioxide (CO2)
○ Methane - CH4
○ Hydrogen gas - H2
○ Ammonia - NH3
○ Water vapor (H2O)
○ Plus most common elements of the periodical chart (Nitrogen & Phosphorus)

67
Q

Energy Sources Available?

A

○ Heat
○ Electricity
○ U.V. Light

68
Q

Start of Life?

A

○ Chemical evolution
○ Cellular Evolution
○ Oxygen production
○ Multicellular Organisms
○ Species Evolution

69
Q

“Alternative” Proposals or Beliefs

A

○ Devine Creation (or Creation Theory)
○ Intelligent Design (ID)
○ Spontaneous Generation

70
Q

Nucleus

A

Ernest Rutherford

§ Chromosomes (DNA and Protein)
§ Genetic coding
§ Karyotype - 22 pair of autosomes & 1 pair of sex chromosomes
2N (diploid # = 46) a 9nd 1N (haploid # = 23)

71
Q

Human Chromosomes

A

§ Diploid Number (2N) = 46
§ 22 pair of Autosomes - one half from each parent
§ 1 pair of Sex Chromosomes (XX or XY)
§ On each homologous pair of chromosomes there are a pair of Alleles

72
Q

Alles

A

□ Genetic coding information (DNA) and given letters to denote their inheritance characteristics.
□ Homologolus = same

73
Q

Mitosis

A

§ 2N cells -> 2N cells (normal cell growth)

74
Q

Meiosis

A

2N cells -> 1N cells (reductions division) Sperm and egg

75
Q

Plasma (cell membrane) and ER

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

76
Q

Osmosis

A

○ Movement of water (by diffusion) cross or through a semi-permeable membrane.
○ High concentration of water to lower concentration
○ Simple diffusion
Does not require energy

77
Q

Diffusion

A

Cell membrane can “pump” water and Molecules

78
Q

Active Transport

A

○ Requires Energy
○ Hormones
§ Reproductive Tisssue
○ Enzymes
§ Digestive tissue
○ Neuro-transmitters
§ Nervous tissue

79
Q

ATP

A

Active Transport
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

80
Q

Homeostasis

A

○ Body’s ability to maintain a relative constancy of its internal environment by adjusting its physiological process
§ Body Temperature
§ pH
§ Blood sugar level

81
Q

Why do we have Homeostasis?

A

Maximize body’s chemical reactions

82
Q

Vesicles

A

○ Small sack-like structure surrounded by Phospholipid membrane.
Movement of material into and out of the cell

83
Q

Food Vacuole

A

Formed by Endocytosis

84
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Formed by Exocytosis

85
Q

Exocytosis

A

○ Occurs and is important in cellular Secretions

86
Q

Rough ER

A

§ Ribosomes
§ RNA
Protein Assimilation

87
Q

Smooth ER

A

§ Cellular secretions
§ Lipids
§ Phospholipids
§ Steroids
§ Testes
§ Ovaries
Oil Glands

88
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

○ Increased membrane folding
○ Cellular Secretions
○ Hormones and neuro transmitters
○ Antibodies -Immune system
Proteases

89
Q

Lysosome

A

○ Increased membrane folding
Contain proteases

90
Q

Mitochondrion “grain-Like”

A

○ Increase in membrane folding
Production of Energy (ATP)

91
Q

Microfilaments

A

Solid protein fiber
§ Primitive - less efficient

92
Q

Microtubules

A

Tubular protein fibers
§ Most efficient
§ Spindle fibers

93
Q

Outside the cell and function in movement

A

○ Made of protein
○ Slide on one another

94
Q

Chloroplast

A

Found only in plants

95
Q

Photosynthesis

A

□ Autotrophic Nutrition

Bio (4 decks)

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