BIO 360 - Exam 4 - Chapter 17 Summary Questions Flashcards
______ ______ refers to cellular metabolism that consumes oxygen.
______ ______ is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and cells of the body. It includes ventilation, gas exchange at the lung and cells, and transport of gases in the blood.
______ is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Cellular respiration / External respiration / Ventilation
The upper respiratory tract includes:
The lower respiratory tract includes:
URT: mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
LRT: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and exchange surfaces of the alveoli.
The thoracic cage is bounded by the ribs, spine, and ______. Two sets of intercostal muscles connect the ribs.
diaphragm
The alveoli consist mostly of thin-walled ______________ for ______ ______.
_________________ produce ______.
A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
type I alveolar cells / gas exchange / Type II alveolar cells / surfactant.
What is Tidal Volume?
What is Vital Capacity?
What is Residual Volume?
Tidal volume is the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration.
Vital capacity is tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes.
Air volume in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration is the residual volume.
During ______, alveolar pressure ______, and air flows into the lungs. Inspiration requires contraction of the inspiratory muscles and the diaphragm.
inspiration / decreases
______ is usually passive, resulting from elastic recoil of the lungs.
Expiration
______ ______ requires contraction of the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles.
Active expiration
______ ______ are ______ because the pleural cavity is a sealed compartment.
Intrapleural pressures / subatmospheric
______ is a measure of the ease with which the chest wall and lungs expand. Loss of ______ increases the work of breathing.
______ is the ability of a lung to resist stretching or to return to its unstretched state.
Compliance / compliance / Elastance
______ decreases surface tension in the fluid lining the alveoli. Reduced surface tension prevents smaller alveoli from collapsing and also makes it easier to inflate the lungs.
Surfactant
Increased CO2 in expired air dilates bronchioles.
Parasympathetic neurons cause ______ in response to irritant stimuli.
There is no significant sympathetic innervation of bronchioles, but epinephrine causes ______.
bronchoconstriction / bronchodilation
Total pulmonary ventilation =
Alveolar ventilation =
TPV = ventilation rate x tidal volume.
AV = ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space volume)
Alveolar gas composition changes very little during a normal respiratory cycle.
Hyperventilation increases alveolar ___ and decreases alveolar ___. Hypoventilation has the opposite effect.
PO2 / PCO2
Local mechanisms match air flow and blood flow around the alveoli.
Increased levels of ___ dilate bronchioles, and decreased___
constricts pulmonary arterioles.
CO2 / O2
