BIO 360 - Exam 3 - Chapter 14 Review Questions Flashcards
What contributions to understanding the cardiovascular system did each of the following people make?
William Harvey
Otto Frank and Ernest Starling
Marcello Malpighi
(a) first European to describe the closed circulatory system, (b) described the relationship between ventricular muscle stretch and force of contraction, (c) described capillaries
List three functions of the cardiovascular system.
transport of materials entering and leaving the body, defense, and cell-to-cell communication
Put the following structures in the order in which blood passes through them, starting and ending with the left ventricle:
left ventricle
right ventricle
systemic veins
systemic arteries
aorta
pulmonary circulation
a—e—d—b—f—c—a
(a) left ventricle
(e) aorta
(d) systemic arteries
(b) systemic veins
(f) right ventricle
(c) pulmonary circulation
(a) left ventricle
The primary factor causing blood to flow through the body is a(n) ______gradient. In humans, the value of this gradient is highest in the ______ ______ and in the ______. It is lowest in the ______ ______. In a system in which fluid is flowing, pressure decreases over distance because of ______.
pressure, left ventricle, aorta, right atrium, friction
If vasodilation occurs in a blood vessel, pressure (increases/decreases).
decreases
The specialized cell junctions between myocardial cells are called ______. These areas contain ______ that allow rapid conduction of electrical signals.
intercalated disks, gap junctions
Trace an action potential from the SA node through the conducting system of the heart.
SA node to internodal pathways to AV node to bundle of His (left and right branches) to Purkinje fibers to ventricular myocardium
Distinguish between the two members of each of the following pairs:
(a) end-systolic volume and end-diastolic volume
(b) sympathetic and parasympathetic control of heart rate
(c) diastole and systole
(d) systemic and pulmonary circulation
(e) AV node and SA node
(a) ESV—volume of blood in ventricle at end of contraction; EDV—volume of blood in the ventricle at beginning of contraction.
(b) Sympathetic increases heart rate; parasympathetic decreases heart rate.
(c) Diastole = relaxation; systole = contraction,
(d) Pulmonary goes to the lungs; systemic goes to rest of body.
(e) SA node is the (atrial) pacemaker; AV node transmits signals from atria to ventricles.
Match the descriptions with the correct anatomic term(s). Not all terms are used and terms may be used more than once. Give a definition for the unused terms.
(a) tough membranous sac that encases the heart
(b) valve between ventricle and a main artery
(c) a vessel that carries blood away from the heart
(d) lower chamber of the heart
(e) valve between left atrium and left ventricle
(f) primary artery of the systemic circulation
(g) muscular layer of the heart
(h) narrow end of the heart; points downward
(i) valve with papillary muscles
(j) the upper chambers of the heart
(1) aorta
(2) apex
(3) artery
(4) atria
(5) atrium
(6) AV valve
(7) base
(8) bicuspid valve
(9) endothelium
(10) myocardium
(11) pericardium
(12) semilunar valve
(13) tricuspid valve
(14) ventricle
(a) 11, (b) 12, (c) 3, (d) 14, (e) 8, (f) 1, (g) 10, (h) 2, (i) 6, (j) 4
pericardium: tough membranous sac that encases the heart.
semilunar valve: valve between ventricle and a main artery.
artery: a vessel that carries blood away from the heart
ventricle: lower chamber of the heart
bicuspid valve: valve between left atrium and left ventricle
aorta: primary artery of the systemic circulation
myocardium: muscular layer of the heart
apex: narrow end of the heart; points downward
AV valve: valve with papillary muscles
atria: the upper chambers of the heart
What events cause the two principal heart sounds?
Vibrations from AV closure cause the “lub” sound and from semilunar valve closure cause the “dup” sound.
What is the proper term for each of the following?
(a) number of heart contractions per minute
(b) volume of blood in the ventricle before the heart contracts
(c) volume of blood that enters the aorta with each contraction
(d) volume of blood that leaves the heart in 1 minute
(e) volume of blood in the entire body
(a) heart rate, (b) end-diastolic volume, (c) stroke volume, (d) cardiac output, (e) blood volume
List the events of the cardiac cycle in sequence, beginning with atrial and ventricular diastole. Note when valves open and close. Describe what happens to pressure and blood flow in each chamber at each step of the cycle.
See Figs. 14.18 and 14.19.
Mapping exercise:
Create a map showing blood flow through the heart and body. Label as many structures as you can.
Create a map for control of cardiac output using the following terms. You may add additional terms.
ACh
adrenal medulla
autorhythmic cells
β1-receptor
Ca2+
Ca2+-induced Ca2+
cardiac output
contractile myocardium
contractility
force of contraction
heart rate
length-tension relationship
muscarinic receptor
norepinephrine
parasympathetic neurons
respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump
stroke volume
sympathetic neurons
venous return
(a) Refer to Fig. 14.1. (b) Use Figs. 14.20 and 14.23 as a starting point for a map.
Compare and contrast the structure of a cardiac muscle cell with that of a skeletal muscle cell. What unique properties of cardiac muscle are essential to its function?
See Tbl. 12.3.
Cardiac muscle has:
(1) strong cell-to-cell junctions
(2) gap junctions for electrical conduction
(3) modification of some muscle cells into autorhythmic cells.
Explain why contractions in cardiac muscle cannot sum or exhibit tetanus.
The long refractory period prevents a new action potential until the heart muscle has relaxed.
