BIO 360 - Exam 1 - Chapter 1 Outline Flashcards
What is an emergent property? What are the most complex emergent properties in humans?
Emergent properties, which are properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of the system’s individual components.
Among the most complex emergent properties in humans are emotion, intelligence, and other aspects of brain function. None of these properties can be predicted from knowing the individual properties of nerve cells.
A lipid and protein barrier called the ______ ______ (also called the ______ ______) separates cells from their external environment.
cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane)
Collections of cells that carry out related functions are called ________.
tissues
What are the four systems exchange materials between the internal and external environments?
(1) the respiratory (pulmonary) system exchanges gases
(2) the digestive (gastrointestinal) system takes up nutrients and water and eliminates wastes.
(3) the urinary (renal) system removes excess water and waste material.
(4) the reproductive system produces eggs or sperm.
What are the remaining four systems that extend throughout the body?
The circulatory (cardiovascular) system distributes materials by pumping blood through vessels. The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate body functions.
What is the role of the immune system?
They protect the internal environment from foreign substances by intercepting material that enters through the intestines and lungs or through a break in the skin. In addition, immune tissues are closely associated with the circulatory system.
The ______ of a physiological system or event is the “why” of the system or event: Why does a certain response help an animal survive in a particular situation?
function
The ______ approach to physiology examines process.
mechanistic approach
Thinking about a physiological event in terms of its adaptive significance is the ______ approach to science.
teleological approach
Applying the concept of integrated functions and mechanisms is the underlying principle in translational research, an approach sometimes described as “bench to bedside.”
translational research: uses the insights and results gained from basic biomedical research on mechanisms to develop treatments and strategies for preventing human diseases.
________ is the division of space into separate compartments. Allow a cell, a tissue, or an organ to specialize and isolate functions.
Compartmentation
Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external variability by keeping their internal environment relatively stable, an ability known as ______.
homeostasis
Diseases fall into two general groups according to their origin:
- those in which the problem arises from internal failure of some normal physiological process.
- those that originate from some outside source.
Internal causes of disease include the abnormal growth of cells, which may cause cancer or benign tumors; the production of antibodies by the body against its own tissues (autoimmune diseases); and the premature death of cells or the failure of cell processes.
Inherited disorders are also considered to have internal causes.
External causes of disease include toxic chemicals, physical trauma, and foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.
The study of body functions in a disease state is known as ________.
pathophysiology
What is the internal environment of the body?
Extracellular fluid serves as the transition between an organism’s external environment and the intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells. Because extracellular fluid is a buffer zone between cells and the outside world, elaborate physiological processes have evolved to keep its composition relatively stable.
