BIO 360 - Exam 1 - Chapter 1 Outline Flashcards

1
Q

What is an emergent property? What are the most complex emergent properties in humans?

A

Emergent properties, which are properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of the system’s individual components.
Among the most complex emergent properties in humans are emotion, intelligence, and other aspects of brain function. None of these properties can be predicted from knowing the individual properties of nerve cells.

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2
Q

A lipid and protein barrier called the ______ ______ (also called the ______ ______) separates cells from their external environment.

A

cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane)

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3
Q

Collections of cells that carry out related functions are called ________.

A

tissues

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4
Q

What are the four systems exchange materials between the internal and external environments?

A

(1) the respiratory (pulmonary) system exchanges gases
(2) the digestive (gastrointestinal) system takes up nutrients and water and eliminates wastes.
(3) the urinary (renal) system removes excess water and waste material.
(4) the reproductive system produces eggs or sperm.

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5
Q

What are the remaining four systems that extend throughout the body?

A

The circulatory (cardiovascular) system distributes materials by pumping blood through vessels. The nervous and endocrine systems coordinate body functions.

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6
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

They protect the internal environment from foreign substances by intercepting material that enters through the intestines and lungs or through a break in the skin. In addition, immune tissues are closely associated with the circulatory system.

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7
Q

The ______ of a physiological system or event is the “why” of the system or event: Why does a certain response help an animal survive in a particular situation?

A

function

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8
Q

The ______ approach to physiology examines process.

A

mechanistic approach

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9
Q

Thinking about a physiological event in terms of its adaptive significance is the ______ approach to science.

A

teleological approach

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10
Q

Applying the concept of integrated functions and mechanisms is the underlying principle in translational research, an approach sometimes described as “bench to bedside.”

A

translational research: uses the insights and results gained from basic biomedical research on mechanisms to develop treatments and strategies for preventing human diseases.

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11
Q

________ is the division of space into separate compartments. Allow a cell, a tissue, or an organ to specialize and isolate functions.

A

Compartmentation

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12
Q

Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external variability by keeping their internal environment relatively stable, an ability known as ______.

A

homeostasis

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13
Q

Diseases fall into two general groups according to their origin:

A
  1. those in which the problem arises from internal failure of some normal physiological process.
  2. those that originate from some outside source.

Internal causes of disease include the abnormal growth of cells, which may cause cancer or benign tumors; the production of antibodies by the body against its own tissues (autoimmune diseases); and the premature death of cells or the failure of cell processes.
Inherited disorders are also considered to have internal causes.
External causes of disease include toxic chemicals, physical trauma, and foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria.

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14
Q

The study of body functions in a disease state is known as ________.

A

pathophysiology

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15
Q

What is the internal environment of the body?

A

Extracellular fluid serves as the transition between an organism’s external environment and the intracellular fluid (ICF) inside cells. Because extracellular fluid is a buffer zone between cells and the outside world, elaborate physiological processes have evolved to keep its composition relatively stable.

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16
Q

In a state of homeostasis, the composition of both body compartments is relatively stable. This condition is a ______ ______ ______.

A

dynamic steady state: the modifier dynamic indicates that materials are constantly moving back and forth between the two compartments. In a steady state, there is no net movement of materials between the compartments.

17
Q

A pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal is known as negative feedback. In the aquarium example, the heater warms the water (the response) and removes the stimulus (low water temperature). With loss of the stimulus for the pathway, the response loop shuts off.

A

negative feedback loop: stabilize the regulated variable and thus aid the system in maintaining homeostasis.
Negative feedback loops can restore the normal state but cannot prevent the initial disturbance.

18
Q

In a ______ ______ ______ , the response reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it. This initiates a vicious cycle of ever-increasing response and sends the system temporarily out of control.

A

positive feedback loop: the response sends the regulated variable even farther from its normal value.
Because positive feedback escalates the response, this type of feedback requires some intervention or event outside the loop to stop the response.

19
Q

One example of a positive feedback loop involves…

A

the hormonal control of uterine contractions during childbirth.

20
Q

A few reflexes have evolved that enable the body to predict that a change is about to occur and start the response loop in anticipation of the change. These anticipatory responses are called ______ ______ ______.

A

feed forward control

21
Q

What is the difference between acclimatization and acclimation?

A

The adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions is known as acclimatization when it occurs naturally.
If the process takes place artificially in a laboratory setting, it is called acclimation.

22
Q

A common type of biological experiment either removes or alters some variable that the investigator thinks is an essential part of an observed phenomenon. That altered variable is the ______ ______.

A

independent variable