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Sexual Behavior > BIO 358 3 > Flashcards

BIO 358 3 Flashcards

1
Q

social coercion theory

A
  • efficient in explaining fossil record

- efficient in explain our sexuality

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2
Q

unique

A

-anything unique about us is due to control of conflict of interest

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3
Q

monogamy

A
  • adapted to
  • we think its natural
  • exclusive mating
  • context-dependent alternatives
  • adaptation
  • sexual monogomay
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4
Q

sexual behavior

A

-based on where you grow up like language (

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5
Q

proximal killers

A

b-Ccoop < Ccoerc

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6
Q

remote killers

A

b-Ccoop > Ccoerc

-

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7
Q

elite coercive males

A
  • turn women into property
  • didnt want people to talk about sex out loud bc they didnt want lesser males to figure out their con
  • patriarchal
  • as technology developed it became easier for control and males took it upon themselves to control -> states
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8
Q

moral outrage

A
  • violent
  • designed to allow us to engage in coercive enforcement of cooperation
  • controls deployment of our individually adaptive coercive threat
  • lack of justice
  • details for what is right and wrong -> culturally programmed
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9
Q

guilt

A

-warns us away from coercive threat

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10
Q

higher purpose

A
  • seek to contribute to greater good

- self-interested but not selfish

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11
Q

evolved proximate psychology we use when living in the uniquely human village

A
  • moral outrage
  • guilt
  • higher purpose
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12
Q

promiscuity

A

-natural to humans

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13
Q

tools

A

-mind and behavior

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14
Q

natural selection produced animals who anticipate the past

A
  • natural selection has no foresight
  • we are built with the design that was successful for our ancestors
  • moving back in time to optimal adaptation
  • what parts are new and what parts are ancestral
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15
Q

hands

A
  • human hands
  • redesigned twice
  • ape -> australapith -> humans
  • inherited from ancestors and have newer tweaks
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16
Q

ovulation: chimps

A
  • not distant from us but their sexual behavior is -> shows our sexual behavior has been redesigned
  • infanticidal
  • swelling during ovulation -> visible
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17
Q

ovulation: monkey: occult ovulation

A
  • distant from us -> but similar sex behavior
  • concealed ovulation
  • evolved in arms race with infanticidal males
  • suppresses infanticide
  • secret sex with many males to become the next leader of the pack
  • males are never sure they didnt father the child -> they must be nice to the females in case it is their child
  • strategic
  • promiscuous
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18
Q

gorillas

A
  • large testicles
  • sperm competition
  • smallest testicles
  • not promiscuous
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19
Q

human

A
  • ancestors were engaged in at least some of the time promiscuous
  • medium sized testicles
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20
Q

polygyny

A
  • one male mating with multiple females
  • uncommon for humans
  • unelite males are unable to produce bc the elite males make harems
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21
Q

polyandry

A

-one female mates with more than one male

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22
Q

polygamy

A
  • polygyny

- polyandry

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23
Q

polygynandry

A
  • emerge in democratized social setting
  • human adaptation
  • context-dependent alternatives
  • multiple males
  • multiple females
  • conflicts of interest arise but humans are good at controlling
  • promiscuity
  • mutual agreement
  • mating units
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24
Q

what about falling in love and pair bonding

A
  • pair bonding is universal

- not exclusively adapted to monogamy or polygynandry

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25
Q

eastern blue lid

A
  • most monogamous animal
  • females avoid mating with males they consider unfit
  • females are after higher level of variation to increase chances of survival
  • extra pair coupling
  • average 80% of eggs are the males -> 50% related -> 40%
  • female is 50% related to her eggs
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26
Q

social monogamy

A
  • may or may not be sexually faithful
  • there is exclusive pair bonding and family though
  • better for raising and having children
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27
Q

female sexual anatomy

A
  • ovary- releases an egg once a month into the uterus
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • fallopians
  • 5% of females orgasm during intercourse
  • vagina is bigger for bigger brain babies
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28
Q

fertilization

A

-first sperm fertilizes

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29
Q

male sexual anatomy

A
  • ejaculate into cervix for fertilization
  • testis
  • penis
  • shape of penis- thicker
  • thinner and pointer for bonobos
  • tip of penis contacts cervix
  • when penis withdrawls it takes liquids with it (sperm from other males)
  • squeegee
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30
Q

cervical tenting

A
  • uterus contract sporadically
  • cervix dip down into uterus and suck up fluid upwards -> not necessary for fertilization bc male penis is already ejaculating into cervix
  • orgasm evolved from exerting influence over who is fertilizing their eggs by doing this (polygomy) -> paternity control
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31
Q

female orgasm

A

unconscious choice ab the fitness of the male

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32
Q

male ejaculation

A

unconscious process for sperm amount

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33
Q

sperm count

A
  • unconscious
  • if he hardly sees the women the women has a chance to be unfaithful -> he ejaculates more
  • if he sees her all day she has no chance to be unfaithful -> ejaculates a little
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34
Q

zebra mating

A
  • he inserts ejaculates and pulls out

- monogamous

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35
Q

long sex

A
  • polygamy
  • long sex to assess the partner
  • humans do this -> shows we are adapted to polygamy as well
  • monogamous relationships can be quick
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36
Q

under dangerous conditions

A
  • promiscuity is adapted for

- polygynandry

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37
Q

safer environments

A
  • select for monogamy

- we can manage more conflicts of interests in a safe environment

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38
Q

kinship independent social breeders

A
  • humans

- whether your monogamous or polygynandry

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39
Q

cheating

A
  • forcing monogamy on your spouse is cheating for polygynandry
  • sex with other people is cheating for monogamy
  • cheating is the best option for both as long as you can get away with it
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40
Q

evolution sex behavior

A
  • we evolved to by monogamous
  • we evolved to be promiscuous too
  • adapted to adapt
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41
Q

conflict of interest for sex

A
  • suppress prostitution and promiscuity for monogamy
  • suppress sexual jealousy, mate guarding for polygynandry
  • changes our public life
  • puts strong seletive pressure on your private life
  • they want to know what your up to so it doesnt affect their system
  • bc we are kinship independent social breeders
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42
Q

contingent human mating and life insurance

A
  • adult mortality risk
  • when adult mortality risk is low humans chose monogamy (less conflicts, more resources -> more time to control conflicts of interests of monogamy)
  • high adult mortality risk leads to promiscuity
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43
Q

cost of life insurance: males

A
  • gains -> offspring with other couples, wife has call on resources from other males she mated with if he dies
  • cons -> he doesnt know whos child is his
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44
Q

cost of life insurance: females

A
  • gains- > multiple males will provide for her child
  • cost -> resource distribution -> suboptimal
  • men may give some resources for child that might be theirs but they also are giving it to the nonpregnant females to get pregnant
  • in monogamous relationship it is optimal resource distribution bc all the resources would be going to her
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45
Q

STDs raise adult mortality risk

A
  • adult mortality risk is raised
  • natural selection drives us off the cliff bc it makes us become more promiscuous but this actually makes it worse
  • ancestrally- STDs wouldnt spread bc people were small and isolated
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46
Q

hunter gather societies

A

dispersed over the continent

  • different languages
  • different religions
  • high adult morality rates
  • promiscuous mating system
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47
Q

amazon basin: Canela

A
  • adult mortality risk lowers
  • shift from promiscuous to monogamous
  • Young tom and pedro
  • pedro is an outcast and doesnt want his wife to go
  • he forces her to be monogamous -> this is cheating!
  • dismantling the lift insurance
  • if pedro died who would provide for her children -> the brothers -> the brothers were mad and led the enforcement of promiscousity bc they would rather the whole village would provide for her
  • pedro doesnt want them to go bc he wants to make sure those are his kids too
  • takes a village to raise a child -> monogamous or polgynandry
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48
Q

adult mortality risk

A

-not conscious

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49
Q

males control conflict

A
  • lead to males control decisions -> males control sexual system
  • leads to patriarchy
  • recent (doesnt influence genetics)
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50
Q

sexual dimorphism

A
  • peacock and peahen
  • males are more colorful
  • widow bird
  • mating strat- female mates with male and takes on sole responsibility
  • male is nothing but a sperm donor -> strong selection for fittest male
  • male has bright colors and wings
  • wants the flashiest fittest children to be able to mate
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51
Q

sexual monomorphic

A
  • we are a lot more similar then we are different
  • monogamy selects for similar sexual features
  • convergence of sexual features do to convergence of interest
  • we will always want someone who can raise our kids
  • males are forced to mate bc of sperm competition -> otherwise their DNA will die
  • women mate with multiple males for parental investment
  • both sexes prefer people of healthy reproductive age
  • we are selective of each other (ex. singing, talent)
  • Humans are subtly dimorphic in their sexual behavioral goals, because the adaptive goals of sex in polygynandrous ancestors were different for females and males.
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52
Q

women preference

A
  • sexual reproductive male that has resources

- read contextualized graphic erotica

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53
Q

male preference

A
  • women of sexual reproductive age

- porn magazines

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54
Q

coolidge effect

A
  • calvin coolidge
  • wife tells guide to tell husband chicken mate multiple times a day and he tell her they are different chicken each time
  • male is fatigued after sex but it immediately aroused when the next female comes around
  • two males in a threesome can finish back and forth until the female says stop
  • It is more difficult for a male to be sexually aroused by a female that he recently already mated with; he is more easily aroused by different female mate: adaptation to competitive mating
  • Males are designed to become repeatedly sexually aroused any time it can contribute to their individual reproductive advantage in sperm competition
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55
Q

sexually active

A
  • impulse to be sexually active
  • polygynandry aspect of our evolution
  • even though we dont want to be pregnant as many times we have sex
  • we mate as if we are polygynandry when we are pair bonded
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56
Q

sexual selection

A
  • comparative
  • females select for the flashiest and most fit male
  • evolutionary the males will get flashier and flashier until they die out (easy prey)
  • females want their children to flashier than the generation before
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57
Q

monomorphic birds

A
  • blue footed boobies
  • blue die synthesized at great cost form fish oil
  • bluer the foot the better the fisher
  • sexual selection on each gender
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58
Q

if there are no conflict of interest between non-kin

A
  • no extended social cooperation
  • no large non-kin collaborative social groups
  • no large social groups
  • no extended cultural information
  • no large brain
  • no expanded language selected for to exploit*
  • no kinship independent social cooperation
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59
Q

animal cooperative social behavior: language

A
  • kinship-dependent
  • communicate threat between non-kin
  • communicate sexual signals to non-kin
  • communicates mother to child
  • communicate in social groups (matrilocal groups, patriarchal group)
  • we expect some form of language
  • cultural transmission of information is possible between kin bc of limited conflict of interest
60
Q

human kinship independent social cooperation: language

A

-expanded version of animals (non-human)

61
Q

social coercion and predictive simplicity

A

-predicts language
-reading, listening, writing, speaking
-not qualitative unique to us but unique bc we exploded language (qual)
-

62
Q

elite communication

A
  • speech
  • sign language
  • consequence of control of conflict of control
  • 2 million years ago
63
Q

humans

A

b-Ccoop > Ccoerc

-explosion of language

64
Q

non-human

A

b-Ccoop < Ccoerc

65
Q

hamiltons law

A
  • very close kin have highly confluent interests
  • share a lot of genetic information
  • C<br></br>
66
Q

enlarged brain

A
  • assimilate cultural information
  • costly to have a large brain
  • need to transmit cultural information (language) -> conflict of interest?
  • acquire, transmit, and utilize information
  • asymmetric enlargement of left hemisphere
67
Q

non-human communication

A
  • cultural communication between kin bc there is confluence of interest (limited conflict of interest)
  • culturally transmit information by performing acts (hunting) for their children -> this is language
  • abstract symbolic gesture
68
Q

speech

A

-symbolic gesture

69
Q

human communication

A
  • builds off on non-human communication
  • builds on abstract symbolic gestures
  • transmit and receive large amounts of cultural information from non-kin members of their cooperative social coalitions
70
Q

pollen

A
  • rich food (polysacchride, lipids)
  • huge amount of nectar are carried by bees from the follow back to the hive
  • eject nectar and pollen into the hive -> produce honey
  • use to feed sisters (and rare brothers)
  • bees mobilize the infantry
  • bee hives are built vertically
  • bee knows the direction it came from and the suns direction when it returns to the hive
  • they communicate by senses movements and sounds -> bee goes into vertical bee hive and symbolic transposes the direction of sun and then dance along the angle that separates the vertical from the direction of the flower patch
  • tells other bees to get to the left or right of the sun
  • length of the line of dance tells how far it is
  • violent dance says a lot of bees should go
  • only wiggle dance within their own hives -> kin
  • solider bees will smell bees and make sure they are members of the social colony -> kin selected
  • coercively enforced
71
Q

hamilton’s law + social coercion

A

-facilitates language

72
Q

hostile manipulation problem

A

-subset of the general conflict of interest that pertains to communication

73
Q

moth: hostile manipulation problem

A
  • detect volatile pheromones
  • detects females
  • spider makes the same pheromones and attacks the moth
  • hostile manipulation
  • deadly to receiver
  • beneficial for producer
  • spider is rare
  • constantly mutating
74
Q

flowers: hostile manipulation

A
  • attracts insects
  • gives off female pheromones to attract insects for pollination
  • looks like female insect too
75
Q

angler fish: hostile manipulation

A
  • modified fins that function as hands
  • cant chase prey
  • entices fish to come close
76
Q

hostile manipulation between conspecific

A
  • it will never get extravagant

- you can expect silence

77
Q

fakability, contingency, usefulness and hostile manipulation

A
  • non fakable information

- non-contingent information

78
Q

contingent information

A
  • useful if true
  • potentially false
  • conflicts of interest are involved
79
Q

mexican whales

A
  • accent in same language
  • same sounds in different tones -> different meanings
  • whale song does not transmit contingent information
  • whale song is a sexually selected signal communicating the memory and territory-holding ability of the singer
  • non-contingent (not fakable)
80
Q

elite vocalization (singing) is NOT a cause of language evolution

A
  • speech is adaptive
  • elite skill (singing) is a good mate quality
  • males an females exert sexual selection on each other
  • we did NOT evolve singing before speech
  • we are also elite signers etc.
  • is elite vocal ability is not unique in humans -> therefore it cannot come first and be the reason we are so unique
  • birds are much better at singing
81
Q

non-contingent information

A
  • head-to-head competition in the moment
  • difficult to fake
  • two rams hitting each other
  • no way to fake that
  • you can either withstand or you cant
  • male feathers of a peacock -> cant fake that
  • conflicts do not need to managed to communicate non-contingent information bc its impossible to fake and cheat
  • bird calls
  • threat
  • sexual signals
  • whale calls
82
Q

contingent information

A
  • head-to-head competition in the moment
  • can be faked
  • useful it was true
  • telling you to eat something -> but its poisonous
  • share with only kin
  • conflict of interest does need to be managed
  • do not share with non-kin bc they wont listen
83
Q

non human animals

A
  • share non-contingent with nonkin
  • only share contingent information with kin
  • bc humans can manage conflict we can share contingent and non-contingent information
  • quantitative diff between non human and humans (not qual)
  • only share contingent information with genetic relatedness
84
Q

hostile manipulation and human communication

A
  • rapidly evolve to take advantage of communication between non-kin
  • suppress lying and hostile manipulation
  • favors non-kin cooperation
  • contingent information is shared with a large group of non-kin
  • explosion
  • ostracizing liars and non-contributors of communication
85
Q

dogs: intense selection

A
  • fast mapping- learning a word through contacts
  • dogs develop tiny amount of ability to speak under intense selection
  • humans and dogs do this
86
Q

speech

A
  • vocal cords
  • vibrate while stretched during speaking
  • vocal cords are relaxed during breathing (open)
  • sympathetic vibrations
  • analogous to reed on clarinet
  • 3 different columns that sympathetically vibrate independently initiated by vocal cords at the bottom
  • sympathetic columns of air we can manipulate
87
Q

humans vs. chimp vocal tracts

A
  • uvula placement is way further down in humans -> allows us to have columns of air that vibrate
  • in chimps the vocal cords are higher -> dont choke as much as humans
  • hyoid bone- committed to vocalization
  • hyoid bone is designed for human speech
  • chimps have 3 bone in the hyoid with cartilage
  • humans have 1 fused
  • they have different musculature coming off the hyoid
88
Q

homo neanderthals

A
  • chunkier
  • shorter
  • built for cold climate
  • longer air passages
  • brow ridges are heavier
  • well adapted to eurasia
  • have a hyoid that identical to modern humans -> they have speech just like us
89
Q

hyoid bone in humans

A
  • above the larynx (voice box)
  • speech is a special case of manual gesture (muscular movement)
  • many muscles run out of the hyoid -> almost all related to vocalization
  • fused bone
  • evolved 2 mil years ago
  • speaking evolved 3mil-.5mil years ago -> unknown
90
Q

homo heidelbergensis

A
  • probably has a modern hyoid bone -> and speech

- common ancestor to homo neanderthals and homo sapiens (both have modern hyoid)

91
Q

genetic drift

A
  • two species diverge

- neutral sequences will change (doesnt affect phenotype)

92
Q

hyoid/speech predictions

A
  • slow modification of hyoid if its hard to develop speech

- if speaking is easy we expect to see rapid modification of hyoid -> what we expect

93
Q

words, phrases, sentence, paragraph

A
  • not unique to humans
  • birds have structure to their songs
  • bird doesnt share contingent information -> its a mating call
  • hierarchal combinatorally controlled behavior is not unique to humans (we are just better at encoding and communication information)
94
Q

symbolic communication

A
  • not unique to humans
  • showing letters to spell out a word
  • waggle dance
  • contingent
  • mimicry
95
Q

iconic communication

A

-photos are objects

96
Q

dolphins

A
  • calfs are dependent on mothers
  • dolphins arnt born with skills to survive
  • mimicry of mother
  • sounds develop then clicks for echolocation
  • no mirrors around and no neck to look at its own body
  • assesses moths kinesthetic program to move its own body in the same way
  • symbolic communication
  • dolphins mimic humans too
97
Q

mimicry

A
  • we watch what someone else does and infer their intent
  • both humans and non humans have mirror neurons
  • fire when an animal does someone doing something with an intent and seeing another animal do the same thing with the same intent
  • communication with intent
  • symbolic
98
Q

gorrillas

A
  • coco
  • can use hand gestures
  • gorillas, humans, and common ancestors can communicate symbolically
  • abstract symbolic communication
  • we expect humans to be explosively better
99
Q

sign language

A
  • no less human that people can hear
  • proves that what makes us human is to be immerse in cultural communication
  • non-human animals can do this too as well
  • sign language and speech are the same thing
100
Q

speech

A

500,000 years ago

101
Q

some animals will have language centers

A
  • humans will have expanded language centers
  • brocas area- production of language (speech, sign, written)
  • wernickes area- comprehension of language
  • break through the dura mater of an endocast
102
Q

sylvian fissure

A
  • deep fold in human brain
  • as broccas area expands in human is has a deepening affect on sylvians fissure
  • modern humans and homo erectus has a defined fissure
  • australopiths and chimps- not pronounced in sylvian fissue
  • shows that sylvian fissure deepened with humans (2 mil years ago with homo erectus)
  • fissure deepened when we developed language, elite throwing, expanded brain, village
103
Q

brocas area

A
  • asymmetrical
  • stoke in area of broccas area- language production goes away (not just speech)
  • you can no longer speak, sign or write
104
Q

parrot

A
  • live in big flocks (nonkin) but there are many nuclear families within
  • altricial- need time to grow
  • dont leave until sexually mature
  • come back to flock if they cant find a pair bond
  • smaller intent
  • smaller words
  • language is up to including what he would communicate in the wild with kin
  • kinship dependent
  • used those words symbolically to communicate information just as we do.
105
Q

human mind

A
  • human mind is purposeful and moral (unlike the world)
  • proximate device
  • ethical
  • coercive management of conflict of interest -> complicated plans and specialization
  • always looking for purpose to control our behavior
  • evolve to enforce cooperation -> proximate ethical psychology evolves
  • shaped by natural selection
106
Q

village and resources allows for

A
  • allow expansion of brain
  • reason it makes sense to expand brain (costly) is bc enormous amounts of cultural information is transmitted (language)
  • understand the world
107
Q

cognition virtuosity

A
  • human ability to understand the world
  • influenced by social interactions that provide us information and genetic information
  • lets us take over
  • we predict it emerged with elite communication and social cooperativity (2 mil)
  • elite communication leads to transmission of cultural information which makes us cognitive virtuosity
108
Q

ignorance of the mind

A
  • if we are speaking -> we feel like we are present and the other person is too
  • subjective awareness- consciousness
  • conscious awareness is mysterious to us fundamentally
  • vivid experience that probably has an explanation that is so simple (like the gene)
109
Q

brains

A
  • designed to exploit cognitive information

- genetic design information shapes this cognitive information exploitation

110
Q

reality

A
  • how the mind perceives reality
  • reality is not what we think it is -> it is just a representation
  • reality is a vivid dream constructed in our brain
  • differs from a dream only bc it is updated by sensory information constantly
  • what we think we know is less certain
  • optical illusions cause perception of things that arnt reality
  • not designed to perceive everything
111
Q

optical illusion

A
  • brain picks up on things that arnt constant when you are looking at something for a bit
  • it will fade out things that are constant
  • perception of shadow
  • when you see something light on top and dark under -> convex, sticking out (vice versa)
  • perception is genetically programmed
112
Q

simplicity of the brain

A
  • brain is uniform
  • bc the way it stores and processes information
  • repetitive structures
113
Q

neuron

A
  • axon comes out
  • electrical signal transmits down the axon
  • binary- fire and transmit or dont
  • store and process information
  • dendrites receive information from other neurons
  • allows combinatoriality on a large scale
  • cell bodies integrate incoming information upstream and decide whether to transmit information downstream
  • information is encoded hyper-dimensionally
  • chemical synapse transmits signals from axons to dendrites
114
Q

brain capability

A
  • processes- 400 gigabytes/sec

- stores- 1,000,000 gigabytes

115
Q

degraded information

A
  • degraded information is compensated
  • brain imposed a likely perception
  • simply hierarchy nested structures
  • neuron form networks
  • axon to dendrite flow is top to bottom -> for motor
116
Q

geons

A
  • dont have intrinsic meaning on their own
  • two geons come together and create meaning
  • perception of reality is hieratically nested
  • meaningless things come together to create meaning
  • meaningless shapes -> objects -> scene
  • we assume the scenes are stable once you have perceived them -> always doubt
117
Q

similarity of the mind for humans and non humans

A

-we both can recognize geons

118
Q

induction

A
  • method of induction is the way brains work
  • Darwinian selection of hypotheses/ideas
  • postual of universal darwinism
  • darwinian process producing adaptive diversity
  • antibody- example of selection from vast variation that plucks the thing you want (antibody that works is replicated)
119
Q

hyper-mutation

A
  • somatic hyper-mutation in antibody affinity maturation

- produces binding affinities for antigen (pathogen)

120
Q

darwin neurons

A
  • synapse depend upon what happens around then can be strengthened or weakened
  • information of neural networks is changing synapse
  • incoming perceptual data is somehow matched to percepts that match best with combination of geons
  • use darwinain processes to shape the recognition of new perceptions
121
Q

darwinian process system

A
  • brain perceives and choses the best choice
  • looking for something better all the time
  • perception is recoded one you see the best option
122
Q

brain

A

material device shaped by natural selection

123
Q

humans: hypercultural

A
  • hypercultural
  • use cultural on a vast scale
  • 2 mil years old
  • genetically designed to make this possible
  • true of ethical and moral ideas too
124
Q

proximate ethical psychology

A
  • evolves

- not the cause of human uniqueness -> we evolved with as a result

125
Q

use of tools

A
  • not unique to humans
  • chimps teach young to hunt termites using long narrow sticks
  • culturally transmitted skill
  • each local chimp group has their own style of use of tool -> proves cultural communication to kin
126
Q

hypercultural

A

-mother to offspring but also non-kin to non-kin bc we control non-kin conflict

127
Q

pine forest

A
  • chemical warfare among other trees
  • inedible to animals
  • seeds derived from cones are the only food
  • rat animal cuts down the armored pinecone and processes it -> start at top and feel leaves off in specific order
  • need to do it in a specific way to have net gain in energy
  • country rats will do this but city rats wont
  • is the genetic or cultural difference? -> cultural difference
  • city rat x country rat mate -> replace children -> 4 city and 4 country
  • they can only identify children by imprint (dont know difference)
  • the ability of the children to eat the pinecone was not determined by genetic mother -> it was determined by social mother
128
Q

uniquely powerful mind

A
  • we evolve language but do not pick up unless we have spread of cultural information (possible due to social coercion theory)
  • not bc are genetic information
  • human brain development emerged in response to a cultural adaption (flood of contingent information)
  • were adapted to navigate and compete within the parameters of the expanded human social environment (we need learn the rules of how and who we share information with)
129
Q

does more synapse make you smarter

A
  • synaptic density- amount of synapse per cortical tissue
  • synaptic generation
  • it actually leads to disease
  • synapse level reaches adult level at birth
  • synapse level levels off eventually and pruning begins -> less and less synapse
  • we see that animal at peak sophisticated when pruning
  • we generate until we learn the behavior and then we prune
130
Q

human brain development

A
  • learning and utilizing cultural information
  • pruning as we specialize
  • learning social rules
  • adapted to navigate social world quickly
131
Q

mind

A

proximate device

  • feeling hungry is the neurological response -> proximate cause to actual action of eating
  • proximate cause acts as if we understand ultimate
  • when eat we are thinking that we are non-equilibrium beings that need energy (ultimate cause) we think im hungry (proximate)
132
Q

species typically behavior

A
  • in order to compete with others
  • specialties we have to navigate the world
  • specific to species
  • mind is adapted to do well
  • humans have many
  • humans have access to much more cultural information (multigeneration) -> allows us to specialize on a vast scale
  • we trade information -> clothes, cars, music, food
  • ex. cheetahs are fast in order to eat
  • ex. chimps have amazing memory
  • ex. piano playing
133
Q

are we individually smart

A
  • no
  • is a combined effort
  • our hardware is designed for intelligence its the ability to mass culturally spread
134
Q

pointing

A
  • cant inform non-human animals except dogs do understand pointing
  • pointing is developed very early for humans
  • correlates with language
  • we point with our eyes too
  • chimps dont have sclera
135
Q

pedagogical animal

A
  • learn at very early age
  • up to and including adulthood
  • learn from non-kin too
  • anytime we hear new information -> we doubt
136
Q

economic behavior

A
  • we trade specializations
  • share information
  • requires policing of non-kin conflict of interest
  • things are stolen and there is lying
137
Q

guilt

A
  • proximate device

- massive coercive power against you if violate the rules of cooperation

138
Q

higher purpose

A
  • strive to contribute

- proximate device

139
Q

good and evil

A

-a reason we are manipulated by

-

140
Q

frontal cortex

A
  • personality
  • ethical sense
  • frontal cortex matures up until 20s
  • ethical psychology
  • expanded in humans
  • sociopaths lack energy exploitation in frontal cortex
  • ancient
141
Q

two humans groups

A
  • ethics are humane and moral in a social group
  • between two groups the it is not humane -> moral outrage
  • we look at other groups as subhuman
  • develop adaptions to cooperate and compete
  • identifier beliefs- the groups have own beliefs that advertising your membership -> you are for or against the group by having the identifier beliefs
142
Q

identifier belief

A
  • prominent example is religion
  • social groups have identifying beliefs and qualities that are specific to the group
  • advertise your membership of the group
  • ex. serbian “christian” and albanians “muslims” war
143
Q

sexual behavior evolution

A
  • The sexual behavior of all animals can evolve very rapidly, generally as an element of evolved social behavior
  • can evolve immediately and aggressively with inheritance through maternal line
144
Q

human elite speech

A

-500,000-3.3 mil years ago

145
Q

natural selection

A
  • the evolutionary logic of the behavior executed by the mind, built, in turn, by design information shaped by natural selection resulting in this behavior through selection
  • Natural selection acts on design information, shaping it to build proximate mental devices causing animals to eat as if they understood their status as thermodynamic systems

Sexual Behavior (4 decks)

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