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Sexual Behavior > BIO 358 2 > Flashcards

BIO 358 2 Flashcards

1
Q

natural selection

A

-amoral not immoral

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2
Q

genetic relatedness is NOT the same thing as genetic similarity or identity

A
  • probability of a gene being identical bc relatedness

- genetic relatedness is measured by looking at genetic sequencing

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3
Q

hamiltons law

A

-C<br></br>

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4
Q

indiscriminate cooperation

A
  • dont care who you cooperate with
  • rapidly eliminates mutations
  • generates more wealth and cooperation
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5
Q

kin-specific cooperation

A
  • mutations rapidly takes over population

- not better off

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6
Q

thought experiment

A
  • create a population that is genetically uniform and engineer them so that they cooperate indiscriminately
  • over time it will start accumulating genetic variation
  • will produce kin specific cooperation
  • kin specific cooperation does better and takes over the population
  • generation X- perfectly genetically uniform (they have a kin specific cooperation mutation)
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7
Q

r

A
  • sibling- 50%
  • first cousin- 12.5%
  • second cousin- 3.125%
  • drives social cooperation
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8
Q

gene

A

unit of interest

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9
Q

kin-specific cooperation infanticide study

A
  • white footed mouse; field volvs?
  • animal will have four children but maybe only 2 will survive
  • to minimize competitive and increase chances of their babies survival they kill non-kin
  • infanticide of non-kin
  • killers dont kill in their immediate area
  • male and female killers
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10
Q

human breeding behavior are kin-selected

A

-

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11
Q

breast feeding

A
  • males are different then females bc he cannot be sure that the child is his (she could have mated with someone else)
  • this is why males dont breast feed
  • babies are closer to the mom
  • similar in humans and non-kin
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12
Q

if the parents die older relatives take over

A
  • similar in humans and non-kin

- older relatives on the mothers side

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13
Q

kin-selected cooperative behavior

A

-humans retained

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14
Q

kin-selective competitive behavior

A
  • humans suppress
  • humans have ethical sense
  • mental part of this is proximal cause
  • the ultimate cause is coercive
  • we suppress this but it still exists; just at much smaller rates than non-kin
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15
Q

public lives

A

-revolutionized

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16
Q

byproduct mutualism

A

-during sex there is a brief moment of the absence of conflict of interest for non-human and humans

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17
Q

incest

A
  • produce offspring more related than each of them
  • inbreeding causes mutation
  • inbreeding depression
  • strong selection to outbreeding
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18
Q

non-kin sexual behavior

A

-during sex there is a brief moment of the absence of conflict of interest

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19
Q

homicide

A

a powerful source of evidence to test theories of human social behavior

  • humans dont tell us about private bad information
  • nonhuman are 100 fold more likely to kill compared to humans
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20
Q

step-fathers

A
  • may more likely to kill children than natural parent
  • about 70 fold more likely
  • more than 1000 fold less likely to do compared to nonanimals though
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21
Q

reproductive value

A
  • what an individual is worth to its design information
  • children were less of value (likely to die of starvation)
  • peak at 20ish
  • newborn is half as valuable as a teenager to its parent
  • newborns are more likely to be killed
  • if your 40 and have a child you are less likely to kill than a 20 year old due to old age
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22
Q

maternal infanticide strategy vs no maternal infanticide strategy in animals

A
  • low resources
  • extreme threat
  • in these conditions the maternal infanticidal mom will be at an advantage
  • in stressful environments moms kill babies
  • the babies die and mother lives rather then them all dying
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23
Q

maternal infanticide strategy vs no maternal infanticide strategy in humans

A
  • in a stressful environment (no money, partner
  • humans will do this too but rates are much less
  • proximal cause- her depression
  • ultimate cause- stressful environment
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24
Q

scientific requirements

A
  • within rules of how natural selection works in the moment
  • do not reverse cause and effect (no long term strategy)
  • must emerge from a kin selected strategy (reductionism)
  • could not emerge in order to manage conflict of interest (not reverse)
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25
Q

selective pressure

A
  • humans put selective pressure on each other

- self domestication allowed by unprecedented access

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26
Q

exceptions to non-human non-kin cooperation

A
  • rare past adaptive misfire in the present (not selected for variation) -> rare
  • by-product mutualism
  • nonkin cooperation on a very small scale -> must have social coercion on a very small scale
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27
Q

non-kin cooperation on a very small scale (non-human)

A

-is able to happen if there is social coercion on a very small scale

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28
Q

human social coercion: how is it different

A
  • with us every second of the day
  • vast
  • large scale
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29
Q

leaf-cutter ant

A

-small scale cooperation and coercion

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30
Q

kin selection

A
  • helping reproduction of close relatives
  • social breeding
  • bee-eater birds
  • wolves
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31
Q

hymenopteran

A
  • haploid -> male (one day a year)

- diploid -> female

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32
Q

bees/ants

A
  • sisters kill each others children
  • worker policing -> do not reproduce a lot
  • self domestication
  • default to another strategy bc laying eggs is not successful (sisters will kill)
  • cut off the siblings from raising their children so they could raise their own
  • then they would raise each others once born
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33
Q

self herding: group selection fallacy

A
  • herd of prey will run away and jump to prove their health
  • they do this to make the other in the pack look weaker
  • non-human groups do not cooperate for the greater benefit of the group -> social cheaters are more fit
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34
Q

self domestication

A

-when social environment puts strong selective pressure on genetics

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35
Q

free riders

A
  • social cheater
  • most fit
  • these will blow up in a society bc it is the most fit strategy
  • this is why group cooperation doesnt evolve
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36
Q

ants and aphids

A
  • few conflicts of interest
  • ants have infinite coercive power over aphids -> domestication
  • ants limit conflict of interest between the aphids
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37
Q

social revolution

A
  • practical control of non-kin conflict of interest

- inexpensive coercion of and by adults

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38
Q

expensive suppression of conflict of interest

A
  • proximal vs remote killing
  • proximal killing is very expensive -> violence and injury
  • monkeys -> avoid infanticide but at a cost
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39
Q

ostracizing cooperators

A
  • ostracize free riders- make it costly to resist ostracize
  • benefit > Ccoop + Ccoerc
  • group cooperates and free rider steals some of the benefit at cost of resisting ostracism
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40
Q

remote killers

A

-from a distance
-throwing and guns
-easy to ostracize free riders
-10x more threat for the free rider than in proximal killing
-10x less risk for ostracizing cooperators
-leads to self domestication
b - Ccoop > Ccoerc

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41
Q

Lanchesters square law

A
  • 10x short time of conflict
  • 10x reduced risk per unit time for ostracizing cooperators with remote killing
  • 10 x 10 = 100 fold less cost
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42
Q

proximal killing

A

b - Ccoop < Ccoerc

  • costly for both groups
  • high chance on injury
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43
Q

law on non kin

A

benefit > Ccoop + Ccoerc

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44
Q

synchronized conjoint throwing

A
  • strength in numbers
  • you cant dodge
  • revolutionized remote killing
  • democratic origins*
  • kin selective group started this -> led to kin selective independent cooperation
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45
Q

fossil record 1

A
  • use to test theory
  • falsification
  • emperical evidence
46
Q

radically democratic

A
  • humans

- not dominated by anyone

47
Q

falsification

A

-develops confidence in scientific theories

48
Q

competitive parsimony

A
  • front of the tee shirt rule
  • theory that is simple but predicts a lot -> more likely to be true
  • everything that it predicts is a possibility to test and falsify
  • fecundity
  • fruitfulness
  • ex. social coercion theory is very fecund
  • definition of being educated -> doubt everything -> whatever stays true is true
49
Q

emergence of humans

A
  • came from inexpensive coercion-> suppression of on-kin conflict of interest
  • results in increased brain and skull size, communication, sexual and parental behavior, architecture
50
Q

evolutionary history

A
  • written history is very recent (5,000 yrs ago)
  • evolutionary history is ancient (6,000,000 yrs ago)
  • b-Ccoop > Ccoerc
  • humane collaboration
  • law enforcement holds up economic systems
51
Q

uniquness

A
  • only animal to have kinship independent cooperation
  • cross cultural
  • elite throwing
52
Q

fossil formation

A
  • when behavior evolves -> muscles are evolve- > bones evolve
  • bones tell us about muscles and behavior
  • accurate
  • form under slowly moving water -> layers form overtime -> sedimentary rock
53
Q

endocast

A
  • vasculature is visible
  • skull forms around brain and shows details
  • characteristic fossils
  • precise and accurate
  • fossils can give detail
54
Q

tetonic

A
  • drained the sea
  • rocks emerge
  • sedimentary rock
  • great plains
  • can produce stratigraphic layers
55
Q

relative stratigraphy

A
  • date based on placement in strata
  • closer to top -> younger
  • bottom -> older
  • relative age
56
Q

absolute stratigraphy

A
  • chemical nature of atom is determined by protons
  • isotopes (diff # of neutrons)
  • stability is influenced by number of neutrons
  • radioactive decay
  • positron emission- light, positive
  • proton turns into neutron
  • volcanic tuffs can be dated by potassium argon dating
57
Q

positron emission: potassium argon dating

A
  • absolute age
  • potassium converts to argon (nobel gas)
  • atomic mas of 40
  • positron emission decay of K40 becomes Ar40
  • argon will be released into atmosphere
  • radioactive K forms Ar overtime
  • ratio of K to Ar will tell you the date
58
Q

tuff

A
  • date the tuffs

- and in between these tuffs you know it must be between those two time periods

59
Q

savanna

A
  • positive feedback loops
  • herbivores eat
  • graze and eliminate grass competitors
  • a lot of sun
60
Q

power scavenging

A
  • elite throwing changed this

- scare animals off

61
Q

continental drift

A
  • continents are drifting apart
  • causes subduction- lands slide onto each other
  • tectonic
  • produced African climate change
62
Q

5-6 mil yrs ago

A
  • currents dry out the savanna that is now saharra desert
  • this is also when humans emerged
  • australopithecus emerge
63
Q

2 mil yrs ago

A

-homo emerge

64
Q

comparing chimp and human skull

A

-4 fold bigger skull for humans

65
Q

australopithecus vs human

A

-australopithecus is much smaller - > similar to chimp

66
Q

homo heidebergensis and human brains

A
  • common ancestor of us and Neanderthals

- same size as our brain (diff shape)

67
Q

change in brain size

A
  • dramatic
  • increase in social cooperation
  • requires a village to raise a baby -> culture
  • increase size brain stores cultural information
  • elite human throwing should happen right when change in brain size emerged
  • large brains emerged 2 mil yrs ago (homo)
68
Q

wrong hypothesis

A
  • we are unique from bipedal locomotion -> frees hands
  • monkeys in the savanna start walking on two feet to carry valuable food
  • Lucy skeleton shows that bipedalism evolved before humans -> not unique to us
69
Q

pelvis

A

-different biomechanics of bipedal and quadrupedal
-different in monkey and humans
-

70
Q

3.5-3.8 mil years ago: Lucy

A
  • lucy
  • fossil shows bipedal locomotion before humans emerged
  • shows that this is not what makes humans unique
  • footprints were proof too
  • not an elite thrower
71
Q

elite throwing, follow by rapid consolidation of cooperation, followed by rapid adaptation to that new cooperation (including brain expansion)

A
  • predication

- elite throwing emerges 2 mil yrs ago when brain size increased

72
Q

catching fish

A
  • fires water bullets at bugs above water
  • projectile
  • can project at non-kin
  • cant project at conspecifics
  • eyes and CNS are evolved
73
Q

elite throwing

A
  • plant foot forward
  • throwing hand lags behind
  • twerking of the body is so fast -> causes the arm to lag
  • involves the whole body
  • says a lot about our skeleton anatomy
74
Q

human hands and feet

A
  • tight grip
  • hand is moving 100mph
  • delicate for aim
  • robust thumb -> has rough patch were muscle attached
  • bottom of fingers are arched so that the wrist can articulate -> allows grip
  • bigger big toe
  • more asymmetric foot
  • big and deep ball of foot
75
Q

chimp hand

A

-knuckle walker
-short thumbs
-

76
Q

australopith

A
  • first metacarpal (thumb)
  • less robust-> doesnt have the rough patch humans have where muscle attach (dorsal interosseous muscle)
  • ends of bones that wrists articulate with are not arched like humans
  • smaller big toe
  • shallow ball of foot
77
Q

dorsal interosseous muscle

A
  • allows for tight grip for humans
  • hardens when grips
  • australopith doesnt have this are the rough patch on the thumb where this muscle would attach
78
Q

apical tuft

A
  • at the tip of a human finger
  • not in chimp or australopith
  • allows to control release of items we are gripping
  • allows for precise aim
  • immobilizes items were holding while gripping
  • heavily innervated
  • projections out the side
  • evolved 1.8 mil yrs ago (almost exactly when humans evolved)
79
Q

foot

A
  • big toe and ball of foot -> throwing push off phase
  • first metatarsal- ball of foot
  • shallow ball of foot for australopith and deep for humans
  • peroneus longus- attached to first metatarsal -> controls torque of the foot (humans)
  • designed to throw
  • evolved near when humans emerged (1.5 mil)
80
Q

peroneus longus

A
  • muscle that attches to first metatarsals in humans

- stabilizes the torque of foot

81
Q

torso

A
  • gluteus maximus- humans
  • gluteus maximus attaches to bottom of pelvis
  • wraps around the body to control torque
  • chimps and autralopith dont have
  • rapidly stops the torque of the body when throwing
  • Y-shaped tendon- attached to tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus
  • tensor fascia lata- muscle attached to the tendon thats being yanked by the gluteus maximus -> controls
82
Q

tensor fascia lata

A
  • muscle attached to the tendon thats being yanked by the gluteus maximus -> controls
  • attaches to pelvis
83
Q

obliques

A
  • angling around the body
  • attach to rib cage and pubic arch
  • sternum to pubic arch
  • external obliques-
  • internal obliques-
84
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • base of the arm to the spinal column and the back of the pelvis
  • wraps around
85
Q

pelvis

A
  • shaped different
  • pubic arch is much further forward in humans
  • human pelvis creates leverage for muscle attachment and throwing
  • muscles that attach to the back is further back than australopithecus
86
Q

nariokotome

A
  • homo erecuts (1.6mil yrs ago)
  • significantly expanded brain
  • elite thrower
  • muscle that attach to the back is further back
  • pelvis is evolved for unique human throwing
87
Q

shoulder

A
  • ball and socket
  • pectoralis major- attached to upper arm -> strength for throwing
  • ligaments- elastic -> allow for extreme distortion of arm lag
  • angle of socket joint is horizontal for humans -> chimps and australopiths have an upper arm projection angle
  • redesigned to throw for humans
88
Q

homo naledi

A
  • social burial-> found in a small cave only small people could get into
  • hands and feet- perfectly modern human -> must be starting to throw
  • brain- chimp size
  • shoulders and pelvis- like chimp/authralopith
  • 300k yrs old
  • decsedent
  • naledi was a competitive species for humans and were pushed into the rainforest -> retained australopith features to climb trees
  • social burial- shows they behavior different -> language
  • predicts we dont have a common ancestor
89
Q

Dmanisi (first hominid out of africa)

A

-first member to leave africa

90
Q

Dmanisi (first hominid out of africa)

A
  • first member to leave africa
  • just begin to throw
  • brains just begin to expand
  • 1.8 mil yrs ago
  • they have apical tuft
  • enlarged first metatarsal
  • power scangers
  • fossils are found with many stones
  • brain size overlap with australopiths and start to overlap with homo brain
  • human like social behavior (care for elders)
91
Q

the human village and life history evolution

A
  • village- non kin communication
  • life history- developmental biology
  • village structure drives and allows brain expansion
92
Q

emergence of humans -> kinship independent social breeders

A
  • kinship independent social breeders
  • help children that are not theirs
  • takes a village to raise a child
93
Q

matrilocal

A
  • males migrates -> prevents inbreeding

- females stay

94
Q

patrilocal

A
  • males stay
  • females leave
  • bonobos
95
Q

multiple kinship independent groups

A
  • multiple kinship independent groups associate -> village
  • male centered kinship groups
  • female centered kinships groups
  • combo of male and female centered kinship group
  • mutually cooperate
  • controls conflict of interest
  • selective environment that drives and allows massive life history redesign -> produces brain expansion
96
Q

why do humans have bigger brains

A
  • we are NOT genetically smart
  • does NOT result from individual experience
  • culturally transmitted information -> nonkin and close kin for humans; only close kin for non-animals
97
Q

culturally transmitted information

A
  • lying and misinformation for nonkin cultural information spread -> hostile manipulation problem -> conflict of interest
  • cheetah will capture prey as a lesson for her cubs
  • individual self-interested adaptation to this enhanced access to culturally transmitted information
98
Q

1x brain size (chimp) 300g vs

A
  1. 5x
    - humans
    - 1200g
99
Q

human brain

A
  • 2% of body mass -> 20% of calories burned
  • for children it burns 50% calories
  • costly-
100
Q

precocial

A
  • develop rapidly
  • born able to get up and run in minutes
  • sexual maturity at 1
  • behavioral sophistication is limited
  • depend on individual experience
  • usually prey -> need to run
101
Q

altricial

A
  • born highly dependent
  • brain grows slowly
  • weeks-months before they can move
  • investing in their kids to have higher behavioral sophistication
  • adults are fierce or hide kids well -> protects their vulnerable children
  • learn from culturally transmitted information
102
Q

hyper-atricial

A
  • humans
  • bc of our unique ecological dominance
  • attack collectively (group)
  • bc we are able to protect so well we can be hyperatricial
103
Q

village

A
  • cultural transmission of information
  • protection
  • provide high quality food
  • directly affected expansion of brain size
104
Q

human vs chimp at 5 weeks

A
  • babyhood- born as fetus, need time to develop
  • chimps have infancy phase
  • at 5 weeks the babies head can even hold up head -> chimps are already walking
  • chimps are altricial although
105
Q

humans at 3 vs chimps at 4

A
  • weaning
  • chimps begin juvenile stage
  • chimps brain stops growing at 4
  • we are still in infancy/childhood
  • humans need high quality food and protection
106
Q

affect of social environment for selection

A
  • mom giving birth is extremely vulnerable and new born
  • mothers giving birth fast -> selected for
  • precocial babies -> selected for
  • social environment drives precocial and atricial tendnecies
107
Q

body and brain weight

A

-very high for humans

108
Q

expanded gestation

A
  • babies grow there brains and bodys a lot in this last month of pregnancy
  • makes mom extremely vulnerable
  • 9 months
  • noncompetitive
109
Q

the human village has to emerge first before you have an increase in brain size

A
  • based on time of vulnerability and access to best resources requirements for mother and child
  • impossible for child to be hyperactricial and mother to be so vulnerable to survive without village
  • moms takes a long time to give birth
110
Q

vulnerable mother

A
  • long process
  • as our children grow it takes many resources to give back to the human village
  • provides an opportunity to be extremely sophisticated
  • must have a village
111
Q

elite throwing -> village -> brain expansion

A

-must manage conflict of interest to create the nonkin village

Sexual Behavior (4 decks)

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