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bio 20-1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what’s a heterotroph?

A

-get energy from eating other organisms
(also known as consumers)

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2
Q

what’s an autotroph?

A

-creates own food
also known as producer

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3
Q

photosynthesis equation:

A

carbon dioxide + water ——> glucose + oxygen

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4
Q

cellular respiration equation:

A

glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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5
Q

what organisms use photosynthesis?

A

plants

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6
Q

what organisms use cellular respiration?

A

plants & animals

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7
Q

what is chemosynthesis? how’s it different n similar to photosynthesis?

A

uses chemicals to make their own food
(similar to photosynthesis: autotroph n makes more complex compounds)

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8
Q

who uses chemosynthesis?

A

autotrophs (make own food) use chemical energy to produce their own energy

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9
Q

what is fermentation? how is it different n similar to cellular respiration?

A

doesn’t use oxygen to convert energy into useable forms
*cheese n alch, anaerobic, bacteria)
(similar to cr: heterotrophs, breaks down glucose)

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10
Q

who uses fermentation and in what environments?

A

used by yeasts, fungi, and bacteria
in anaerobic environments

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11
Q

what is a primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers?

A

primary: eat plants (herbivores)
secondary: eats herbivorous (omnivores)
tertiary: eats other carnivores (carnivores)

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12
Q

what is a food web?
what are the different tropic levels?

A
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13
Q

what is the rule of 10 and how do you calculate it?

A

ecologists assume 10% of energy in a trophic level is transferred to the next
(divide by 10)

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14
Q

what is bioaccumulation? why does it occur, and which organisms does it affect?

A

-accumulation of toxins as you move up a food chain
-b/c our bodies cannot break down/get rid of toxins
-the highest trophic level

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15
Q

what is pyramid of #?
(benefits and drawbacks)
(when could it be upside down)

A

represents # of organisms in each trophic level
pros: easy to visualize
cons: sometimes # if producers are larger than consumers

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16
Q

what is pyramid biomass?
(benefits n drawbacks)
(when could it be upside down)

A

represents the dry mass of living organisms per g/m^2
pros: takes in account actual size
cons: doesn’t take in account fast growing producers (grass)

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17
Q

what is pyramid energy?
(benefits n drawbacks)
(when could it be upside down)

A

shows total amount of energy transferred
pros: always upright
come: hard to visualize n calculate

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18
Q

why is water the “universal solvent” when

A

water molecules are polar resulting in the formation of H-Bonds btwn water, making water being able to dissolve a wide variety of substances.

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19
Q

what’s the polarity of water and h-bonds?

A

water: polar
h-bonds: non polar

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20
Q

define n example of heat capacity

A

the amount of energy required to heat up a substance
(water has a high heat capacity-takes lots of energy to heat n change state)

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21
Q

define n example of adhesion

A

glue-sticks things together. water molecules attracted to other molecules
(cohesion n adhesion work together to move water thru plants=transpiration)

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22
Q

define n example of density

A

water cools-H-Bonds loosen, cold/frozen water has low density(water heats-vise versa)
(ice floating, fish staying warm at bottom of ocean)

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23
Q

define n example of cohesion

A

group/team- works well/sticks together
water molecules are polar, attracted to eachotber, caused cohesion-responsible for surface tension
(bugs walking in water, beads of water)

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24
Q

Regarding the water cycle;
define
-transpiration/evaporation
-precipitation
-condensation
-run off

A

transpiration: plants give off water vapour from their stomata
precipitation: liquid in the atmosphere that falls back to eart
condensation: water vapour becomes liquid
run off: something leaves suddenly

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25
Q

Carbon cycle;
-where is it found, is it an essential nutrient, explain n example of slow vs rapid cycling

A

it’s found in the form of gas in the atmosphere
yes its essential for photosynthesis + cellular respiration

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26
Q

Carbon cycle;
-role in climate change and acid precipitation
-carbon sinks

A

gases in atmosphere absorb heat reflecting off earth- heat doesn’t escape=warms up earth

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27
Q

Sulfer cycle;
-where is it found, is it an essential nutrient, explain n example of slow vs rapid cycling

A
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28
Q

sulfer cycle;
- role in acid precipitation
- bacteria interface

A
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29
Q

nitrogen cycle;
-where is it found, is it an essential nutrient, explain n example of slow vs rapid cycling

A

nitrogen gas is found in the atmosphere

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30
Q

nitrogen cycle;
-atmospheric nitrogen vs nitrates vs nitrates and role of bacteria
- role of nitrogen in crop rotation

A
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31
Q

phosphorus cycle;
-where is it found, is it an essential nutrient, explain n example of slow cycling

A

found in rocks, it is essential for making DNA, obtaining calcium phosphate for bones

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32
Q

phosphorus cycle;
- role of phosphorus in algae blooms

A

caused eutrophication (plants decomp=oxygen levels decrease=fish die)
too much P4 causes blue-green algae

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33
Q

is the earth an open or closed system?

A

closed system
open: both matter and energy can be exchange
closed: only energy and heat can be exchanged

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34
Q

what is homeostasis? how is it impacted by humans?

A
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35
Q

define and example;
-ecosystem
-community
-population
-organism

A

ecosystem: a community of organisms and their environment
community: a group with common characteristics
population: group of one species
organism: individual animal/plant/single celled life form

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36
Q

factors that predict diversity ( terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems)

A

-

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37
Q

patterns of diversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

A
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38
Q

define n example;
abiotic
biotic

A

abiotic: not living(sun, air, soil)
biotic: living(animals, humans)

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39
Q

define;
prokaryotes
eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes: don’t contain nucleus
eukaryotes: do contain a nucleus

40
Q

what are the three domains of life and levels of classification?

A

archaea/extremeophiles, bacteria, eukarya
- protista, plantar, animalia, fungi, bacteria, archaea

41
Q

what is binomial nomenclature?

A

the “official name” is a combo of their genus + species

42
Q

what is dichotomous keys?

A

helps us identify which species are present in a particular area (bc organisms look similar)

43
Q

define;
interspecific
infraspecific

A

interspecific: occurs between different species
interspecific: occurs within a species

44
Q

define n pros/cons
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction

A

sexual- combination of genetic info of both parents
asexual- one parent copies itself to forms it’s genetically identical offspring

45
Q

examples of beneficial/benign/detrimental mutations

A

-colour blindness
-2 coloured eyes

46
Q

what is natural selection? how is it observed and what does it act on?

A

individuals w favourable traits are more likely to survive + reproduce
-acts on individuals
-observed as selection for or against certain traits

47
Q

examples of natural selection

A

( sickle cell anemia, skin colour)

48
Q

what is evolution? how is it observed and what does it act on?

A

favourite traits become more common causing population to genetically change
-acts on populations
- observed as significant changes in gene frequencies

49
Q

what are examples and evidence of evolution?

A

(fossils, embryology, genetics, comparative anatomy)

50
Q

what are darwin’s and larmarkians theory in evolution?

A

darwin: change starts w/ variation
larmarck: change starts b/c of a need (incorrect b/c natural selection)

51
Q

common misconceptions of evolution

A
52
Q

what are some majorly evolutionary events?

A

(evolution of mammals from fish, birds, dinosaurs, humans from apes)

53
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium?

A

long periods of evolutionary equilibrium are interrupted by periods of specification.

54
Q

what is gradualism?

A

gradual change occurs steadily in a linear manner

55
Q

what’s the key differences between plant and animal cells

A

key organelles found in plant cells(absent in animal cells):
-large vacuoles(stores water)
-chloroplasts(perform photosynthesis)
-cell walls(provide support)

56
Q

define;
catabolic
anabolic

A

catabolic- destroys things
anabolic-builds things up

57
Q

light dependent and light independent reactions
anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

light dependent: generates ATP & NADPH to power light independent reactions
light independent: transform hight energy molecules into G3P, to create glucose
anaerobic- no air aerobic- air

58
Q

what is hydrogenation and when is it used?

A

converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by breaking double bonds + hydrogen
-used in cooking
-creates trans fat

59
Q

what is dehydrogenation synthesis and when is it used?

A

joins monosaccrides to form di/polysaccharides
-sucrose (table sugar)
-lactose(in milk)
-maltose(beer)

60
Q

describe enzyme activity, what factors influences their action?

A
61
Q

describe chemical nature;
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins n their enzymes
(composed of? main role? found in?)

A

carbs: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; provides energy for body; found in all plant based foods
fats: carbon hydrogen, oxygen; stores energy, cell membrane, carry bitumen’s, hormone synthesis; found in foods w/ animal/plant based fats/oils
proteins: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; forms structures of cells, repairs damage cells, speed up chem. reaction, defend against disease; meats, eggs, dairy, some plants
(amino acid, polypeptides, enzymes)

62
Q

describe process of matter through digestive system into circulatory system

A
63
Q

identify structures, enzymes, and chemicals
-Mouth, esophagus, stomach, sphincter, small/large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

A

mouth: teeth/salivary gland enzymes break down food
esophagus: wave-like contractions push bolus down
sphincter: remains slightly close to prevent stomach acid from coming up
stomach: muscle contractions/enzymes &stomach acid
small: complete digestion of macromolecules to absorb nutrients/enzymes from pancreas + liver are secreted into small
large: water/salt absorbed, bacteria releases vitamins from food
liver: bile salts secreted
pancreas: trypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, bicarbonate ions secreted
gallbladder: bile salts stored, squirts into small intestines

64
Q

identify and describe;
-nasal passages pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, rib muscles pleuaral membranes

A

nasal: lined w ciliated cells to filter and moisten, turbinate bones increase SA from heat
pharynx: throat
larynx: vocal chords
epiglottis: closes opening to trachea
glottis: opening to trachea
trachea: rings of cartilage, windpipe
bronchi: carrie’s air from trachea into lungs
bronchioles: cilia +mucus producing cells
alveoli: air sacs at end of bronchioles(site of gas exchange)
diaphragm: separates lungs from stomach + liver; moves air in and out
pleural membrane: thin, fluid filled membrane surrounding lungs

65
Q

explain mechanics of breathing in gas exchange

A

1- too much CO2, diaphragm contracts
2- diaphragm pulls down(vaccum)
3- gases move from high —> low concentration, air comes into lungs (gas exchange: O2 diffuses in, CO2 diffuses out)
4- CO2 decreases, diaphragm moves up(relaxes), pushes CO2 out
5- cellular respiration can continue at cells get/release O2 from blood

66
Q

what are the terms used in measuring respiratory volume?

A

tidal- normal
inspiratory reserve- how much more air can be taken in
expiratory reserve- how much air can be pushed out
vital- total lung capacity
residual- gas remaining after breath

67
Q

how does disease affect the respiratory system?

A

can affect our lungs from working properly, can cause narrowing or blockage of airways

68
Q

identify n describe purpose;
- atria, ventricles, septa, valves, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries n veins, perkinjie fibers, SN node, AV node

A

deoxygenated superior/inferior vena cava—> right atrium-> right ventricle—> pumped out of ❤️ through pulmonary arteries—>lungs(gas exhange(lose CO2 gain O2)) oxygenated lungs-> pulmonary vein—> left atrium—> left ventricle—>leaves ❤️ through aorta—> body repeat

69
Q

describe the beating heart
(SN node n perkinjie fibers)

A

sinoatrial node—generates electrical stimulus resulting in->contraction of atria—which signals the -> atriventricular node—to transmit the message thru the-> bundle of his—to the-> purkinjie fibers—leads to-> contraction of ventricles

70
Q

trace the blood flow through heart n body

A

1- body/brain receives oxygenated blood from ❤️, performs cellular respiration + releases O2
2- deoxygenated blood from body/brain returns to ❤️
3- ❤️ pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs, CO2 exchanges for O2
4- new oxygenated returns to ❤️ which pumps back to body/brain

71
Q

describe function;
arteries
veins
capillaries

A

artery- pumps blood away from heart, smooth lining
veins- pumps blood towards heart, ridged lining, valves
capillaries- connects arteries n veins to tissues, gas exchange in circulatory system

72
Q

define and describe factors that influence blood pressure

A

-weight
-sodium
-exercise
- alcohol

73
Q

describe general circulation;
colonary pathway
pulmonary pathway
systematic pathway

A

coronary- circulates blood to the muscles of the heart
pulmonary- circulates blood from heart to lungs and back
systematic- circulates blood from heart to body and back

74
Q

describe cardiovascular diseases and the causes

A

arteriosclerosis- lack of exercise, smoking, high fat diet
-high blood pressure
congenital heart defects- genetic, drug/alcohol abuse during pregnancy
-valve defect, septal defect

75
Q

how does blood regulate body temperature?

A

homeostasis regulation:
vasodilation: too warm, blood vessels expand
vasoconstriction: too cold, blood vessels contract

76
Q

describe;
plasma
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

A

plasma- role in transporting CO2
erythrocytes- red blood cells
leukocytes- white blood cells
platelets- role in blood clotting

77
Q

disorders associated with blood:

A
78
Q

explain the lymphatic system

A

network of vessels and nodes which act together with the circulatory system to protect body against infection
-maintains balance of fluids in body (lymph)

79
Q

list of human defence system:

A
  • skin
    -lashes
    -stomach acid
    -cilia
80
Q

define;
helper T-cells, killer T-cells, macrophage, B-cells, suppressor T-cell, memory B-cell

A

helper: helps identify foreign particles by analyzing after they’ve been broken down
killer: destroys infected cells
suppressor: monitors killer to ensure they don’t destroy healthy tissues
memory: keeps a copy to make antibodies faster next time
plasma: makes antibodies

81
Q

define;
antigen
antibody

A

antigens: molecules that are foreign to the body
antibodies: proteins made by the body to attack specific antigens

82
Q

describe (on basis of antibodies/antigens)
- ABo n Rh

A

A- a antigens
B- b antigens
AB- both a &b antigens
O- no antigens
Rh+- display Rhenus antigens
Rh—do not display

83
Q

identify;
renal vein
renal artery
kidneys
bladder
ureters
urethra

A

renal vein: deoxygenated blood
renal artery: oxygenated blood
kidneys: eliminate waste, maintain pH + water balance
urter: carry urine from kidneys to bladder
urethra: empties urine from bladder
bladder: holds pee

84
Q

identify layers of kidney;
cortex
medulla
renal pelvis

A

cortex- outer layer of connective tissue
medulla- inner layer
renal pelvis- hallow chamber joins kidney + ureter

85
Q

identify structures of nephron;
affrent/efferent arterioles, glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, proximal/distal tubes, loop of henle, collecting ducts, capillary net

A

affrent: entrance
efferent: exit
glomerulus:
bowman’s capsule: high pressure squeezes blood vessels
proximal tubules: reabsorption, filtration

86
Q

how is urea formed?
(what makes pee smell)

A

made from access proteins
- broken down in liver, results in production of ammonia, 2 molecules of NH4 and CO2 to form urea

87
Q

what’s the purpose of the nephron within the kidneys?

A

removes waste + other solutes from blood(as urine)
allows reabsorption of water + solutes into bloodstream or peed out

88
Q

describe;
filtration
reabsorption
secretion
(forms urine)

A

filter: movement of fluid from blood into the bowman’s capsule
absorb: transfer of essential solutes + water from nephron back into blood
secrete: transport materials from blood into nephron

89
Q

flow of blood through kidneys to the path of filtrate flow

A

as blood moves thru nephron of kidneys, it must pass thru glomerulus into bowman’s capsule
glomerulus acts as high pressure filter allowing certain substances into bowman’s capsule and moves onto proximal tubules

90
Q

what substances are allowed to enter the nephron? (to form filtrate)

A

water, salts, glucose, amino acids, hydrogen ions, urea

91
Q

where does water, NaCl, glucose reabsorb in the nephron?

A

proximal convoluted tubules

92
Q

role of
ADH
aldosterone
in reabsorption

A

ADH: allows absorption of water
aldosterone: allows absorption of sodium

93
Q

what are the consequences of hypo/hypersecretion of aldosterone and ADH?

A

ADH
hyper - high blood pressure
hypo- dehydrated
aldosterone
too much- high blood pressure!
too little- can faint, crashing

94
Q

describe blood pH through secretion/reabsorption of H+/HCO

A

secretion of excess H+ ions (into nephron-acidic) & reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO3) ions into blood (basic)

95
Q

identify n explain symptoms;
diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
nephritis
kidney stones

A

diabetes mellitus: not enough insulin (high amounts of glue code in urine)
diabetes insipidus: defect in ADH
(large amount of urine)
nephritis: inflamed nephrons/urinary tract infection.(painful, lots of pee)
kidney stones: urine contains calcium/uric acid.(painful)

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