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Paper 1 > Bio 2 > Flashcards

Bio 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mention GABA Source, fate, clinical

A

Source

From Glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase (B6) GAD

Fate:

1) succinate semialdehyde by GABA Transaminase GABAT

semialdehyde oxidized to succinate (TCA)

Clinical

•GABA Agonist (Anti Anxiety)

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2
Q

Source of Glycine Importance.

A

1) Serine by Serine hydroxy methyltransferase.

major inhibitory NT

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3
Q

Give hint about Ach Clinical point related

A

By Ach Tranferase Excitatory NT

Mythenia gravis

Auto immune disease against Ach Rs Severe weakness in skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Who are catecholamine

A

1- Dopamine

2- Nor Epinephren

3- Epinephren

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5
Q

Take about Dopamine synthesis.

Fate of Dopamine

A

•Tyrosine by (Hydroxylase) need H4 bioptren →Dopa by decarboxylase need b6 → dopamine

.

• Fate To HVA (homa vanillic acid) By COMIT +MAO

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6
Q

Talk about synthesis of nor Epinephrine ett

Relationship with newborn

A

Dopamine by ( dopamine B hydroxylase)→ NorEpi

It’s The primary end product Fate in newborn.

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7
Q

Talke about Epinephrine Synthesis and Fate

Role of Cortisol

A

++ Cortisol (aging)→
phenylethanolamine
N-methyl Transferase which
Norepinephrine → epinephrine

Fate:

Vanillimandelic acid (VMA) By MAO, COMT

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8
Q

Mention.
Clinical Relations to catecholamines

A

1-Dopamine (parkinson) ↓HVA

Epi+Nor Epi 2-(phenochromocytoma)
cause Hypertension.

Treat by :
a methy Tyrosine inhibit their formation

3- a-Methyl Popa.
inhibit dopa decarboxylase(no norepinephrine)
Treat Hypertension.

4- MAOIS
Antidepresants.

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9
Q

Mention Functions of Seretonin and its synthesis

A

•Function

1- Mood, apetite and temp.
2- Neurotransmitter
3- For GiT motility.
4-Source of Melatonin in pineal body.
5-Vasconstriction. Ms contraction

From typtophan by Hydroxylase →5-OH Tryp→by decarboxylase → Seretonin

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10
Q

What’s The fate of Seretonin clinical point releated

A

Fate

5-HIAA by MAO

clinical

SSRIS antidepressants

2) carcinoid Tumor.

(argenta finoma) vit B3 defeciency manifestations pellagra.

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11
Q

mention functions of Melatonin

A

1- Stimulate immunity

2- Anti oxidant

3- Regulation of sleep pattern

4- circudian Rythm Following
↑dark ↓ Light

Defecient with B-blockers antidepressant

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12
Q

Functions and synthesis of Histamine

A

• Synthesid from Histidine by decarboxylase

Importance
1- Vasodilator
2- Arousal NT
3- mediate wide range of cellular responses, allergic and inflammatory reactions.

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13
Q

importance of Nitric oxide
Its forming Amino Acid

A

From L-Arginin by synthetase

importance:
1- potent VD coronary - Cerebral

  1. Stimulate hormones release From Hypothalamus

3- produced by monocytes, macrophage to kill microorganisms.

4- Relax Git, urinary wall

clinical uses:
1 -Nitroglycrine angina
2 -inhalation in
pulmonary Hypertension
High altitude pulmonary edema.

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14
Q

Q: What are Sources of brain fuels.

A

1- well Fed
CHO → glucose

2 Fasting
• glucose 2:4 hr after
→liver glycogenlysis glycogenosis lactate, glycerol ,a.as)
•keton bodies: . Starvation.
3 Lactate:
From sustained muscle exercise.
↑↑ lactate glucose utilization neurons perefere lactate over glucose

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15
Q

Q: What’s The Cell in CNS can perform glycogenosis, glycolysis?

A

Astrocytes

(Warehouse of brain)

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16
Q

Q:why neurons have a slower glycolytic than astrocytes. rate

A

as PKFb3 is abscent in neurons due to constant proteasomal degradation.

(6phosphoFructose kinase Fructose2,3bis-phosphate)

17
Q

Q: why Astrocytes have a Fast glycolytic rate.

A

As it has PFkFb3
which generate of (Fructose 2.6 p2) which is
a potent activator of The glycolytic enzyme
(phospho Fruckto kinase) PFK

18
Q

Mention
LDH
GLUT
receptors on Astrocytes Neurons.

A

Astrocytes :
GLUT 1
LDH 5

Neurons:
GLUT 3
LDH 1

19
Q

Q: HMP pathway and The brain.

A

HMP produce NADPH

For Glutathione Reductase
generate GSSG GSH keeped reduced form antioxidant of ROS

20
Q

Q: Enumarde causes of niacine B3 defeciency.

A

1- Tryptophan Low diet. (Corn) Maize
2- B6 defeciency
3- carcinoid tumor (↓ Tryptophan)
4. Hartnup disease (↓ absorption of Tryptophan)

21
Q

Q: What is The importance of vit B3

A

1- NAD / NADP
2- nicotinic acid ↓Plasma cholesterol Level and TAG
inhibit lipolysis

22
Q

Q: cause of pellagra. its manifestications.

A

Occurs as a result of niacin B3 defeciency.

characterized by:

Diarrhea

Dermatitis

Peminsia

Death

23
Q

Q: What’s the importance of Thiamine.

A

make Thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP) which is Co enzyme for

(1) oxidative de carboxylation of a keto acids (TCA).

(2) De carboxylation of pyruvic in yeast. (PDH)

(3) TransKetolase reaction (HMP)

24
Q

How to check blood status of Thiamine “Biochemical Tests ??

A

1-Blood Thiamine ,8% not indicator for total
2- Measure Erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA)
3- TheThiamine pyrophosphate Effect (TPPE)
4- urinary thiamine Level.
5- Estimation blood, Lactate and Pyruvate Level.

25
Q

Q: Thiamine defeciency causes.

A

prolonged defeciency in diet
(1) Beri-Beri
(2) Wrenkle-Korsakoff syndrome “alcoholies”
↓pyruvate dehydrogenase
↓ATP production

26
Q

PDH Defeciency
illustrate

A

Lactate and alanin produce Pyruvate in reversible reactions
PDH conert Pyruvate to Acetyl coA to enter TCA cycle and produce ATP

In absence of PDH
Other sources (fatty acids and acetoacetate) help to produce Acetyl coA but it’s no enough

27
Q

Mention The Folate analogues.

A

1- Sulf drugs inhibite Synthesis of folic acid in bacteria

2- Trimethoprim Methotrexate inhibit folate reductase

28
Q

What are Manifestications of PDH defeciency?

Treatement Line

A

1- acidosis
2- Hypotonia, Lethargy, Seziures Mental retardation, microcephaly blindness, spasticity.

Treatment:
1- Correct acidosis..
2- Constrict CHO diet

29
Q

what’s phenylketonuria.

A

Metabolic disorder caused by The Enzyme or Coenzyme phenylalanin Hydoxylase / H4 bioptren

30
Q

What’s The Result of phenylalanin Hydroxylase defeciency or H4 bioptren?

A

• No Tyrosine (non-essential a.a)
phenylalanine (×PA.H/H4 ) → Tyrosine
• Bad mousy odor of urine
• depegmintation
• Mental Retardation
↓catecholamines
Toxic metabolities (abnormal phenylalanin catabolism).

31
Q

Treatement of phenylkenouria.

A

Goal:
phenylalanin normal Level

Through:
1) phenylalanin Free diet
2) Tyrosine Supplements

32
Q

Q1: what’s The role of dehydrogenase complex in catabolism of branched chain a.as. (Lucine, isolucine, valine).

A

it catalize oxidative de hydrogenase Step.

33
Q

What’s Malpe Syrup urine?

A

Accumulation of branched- chain a.a and Their a keto a.

due to:
defeciency of dehydrogenase Complex.

cause

1 Mental Retardation, death
2 Sweet smell urine

34
Q

Reaction by Hydroxylase enzyme
H4 biopetrin

A

1)Tyrosine synthesis
phenylalanin Hydoxylase

2) NorEpi synthesis
dopamine B hydroxylase

35
Q

Reactions catalyzed by Decarboxylase

A

1) Dopamine synthesis
By Dopa decarboxylase need b6

2) Seretonin
By 5Ht decarboxylase

3)Histamine synthesis
By Histidine decarboxylase

36
Q

Reactions catalyzed by transaminase enzyme

A

1) glycine synthesis
by
Serine hydroxy methyltransferase.

2) fate of GABA:
succinate semialdehyde
by GABA Transaminase GABAT

3) synthesis of Epinephrine
By phenylethanolamine
N-methyl Transferase

37
Q

Reactions catalyzed by dehydrogenase

A

1) oxidative dehydrogenase
catabolism of branched chain a.as. (Lucine, isolucine, valine)

Paper 1 (18 decks)

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