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Biology > BIO 160 Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO 160 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction between different substances (cell wall and H2O)

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2
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of H2O from plants. Creates a tension that pulls water up the plant

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3
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

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4
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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5
Q

Thermal energy

A

The kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules

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6
Q

Temperature

A

A measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

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7
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy in transfer

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8
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius

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9
Q

Kilocalorie

A

Food calories. 1000 cal = 1 kilocalorie

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10
Q

Joule

A

1 cal = 4.184 J

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11
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of heat that must be added or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree Celcius

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12
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

The heat of a liquid that must be absorbed for 1 g to be converted to a gas

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13
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

As a liquid evaporates its remaining surface cools. This helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water

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14
Q

When is water the most sense?

A

At 4 degrees Celcius

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15
Q

Solution

A

Is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances

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16
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent of a solution

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17
Q

Solute

A

The substance that is dissolved

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18
Q

Aqueous solution

A

Water is the solvent

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19
Q

Why is water a versatile solvent?

A

Because water is polar

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20
Q

Hydration shell

A

When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

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21
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

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22
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

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23
Q

Molarity

A

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution

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24
Q

Acid

A

Any substance that increases H+ concentration of a solution

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25
Q

Base

A

Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

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26
Q

Buffers

A

Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH - in a solution

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27
Q

Bicarbonate buffering

A

The main way humans control pH in our blood

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28
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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29
Q

Ocean acidification

A

Carbon dioxide is dissolved in sea water and forms carbonic acid

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30
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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31
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structures and properties

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32
Q

Structural isomers

A

Different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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33
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

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34
Q

4 classes of large biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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35
Q

Macromolecules

A

Polymers built from monomers

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36
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers)

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37
Q

Monomers

A

Repeating units that serve as building blocks

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38
Q

Enzyme

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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39
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecules.

Forms new bond for longer polymer

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40
Q

How are polymers disassembled?

A

By monomers through hydrolysis

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41
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Adds water. Breaks the bond.

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42
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Fuel, building material, includes sugars and polymers of sugars

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43
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

44
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest sugar.

45
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

46
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

47
Q

What is the covalent bond called when a disaccharide forms?

A

Glycosidic linkage

48
Q

Example of polysaccharide

A

Starch.

Consists entirely of glucose monomers.

49
Q

What is the simplest form of starch?

50
Q

How do plants store starch?

A

As granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

51
Q

T/F starch is straight and unbranched

A

False. Starch is largely helical

52
Q

Lipids

A

Do not include true polymers.

They mix poorly with water because they are non polar because of hydrocarbons

53
Q

Fats

A

Constructed of glycerol and fatty acids

54
Q

Glycerol

A

3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

55
Q

Fatty acid

A

Consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon chain

56
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds. Usually solid.

57
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

One or more double bonds usually liquid.

58
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds hold H2O molecules together

59
Q

Unifying feature of lipids

A

They mix poorly with water if at all. Hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons which form nonpolar covalent bonds

60
Q

Phospholipids

A

Two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol. Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. Phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head

61
Q

Steroids

A

A lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

62
Q

Cholesterol

A

A type of steroid. It’s a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor for which other steroids are synthesized

63
Q

Name all types of proteins

A 
Enzymatic
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile and Motor
Structural
64
Q

What are amino acids

A

Organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups.

There are 20 standard amino acids

65
Q

How do amino acids differ

A

Differ in their properties because of different side chains called R Groups

66
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polymer of amino acids

67
Q

Are polypeptides unique?

A

Yes. Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl end and an amino end

68
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

69
Q

What reinforces a proteins structure?

A

Disulfide bridges which are strong covalent bonds

70
Q

Tertiary structure results from..

A

Interactions between R grounds. These interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der waals interactions

71
Q

Quaternary structure results from…

A

When two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

72
Q

Sickle cell disease results from..

A

A single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

73
Q

What determines protein structure?

A

Alternations in pH, salt concentrations, and temperature

74
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of proteins native structure

75
Q

What is the function nucleic acids?

A

They store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

76
Q

What is a gene

A

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance

77
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

78
Q

T/F. DNA provides directions for its own replication

79
Q

How is DNA involved in protein synthesis?

A

DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA and mRNA controls protein synthesis. This is called gene expression

80
Q

What are adjacent nucleotides joined by

A

Phosphodiester linkage. This creates a backbone of sugar phosphate units

81
Q

How do backbones run

A

They run opposite. 5 to 3. 3 to 5.

82
Q

T/F. RNA is double stranded.

A

False. RNA is single stranded.

83
Q

What are the nucleotides of DNA

A

Cytosine, Guanine

Adenine, thymine

84
Q

What nucleotide is replaced in RNA?

A

Thymine is replaced by uracil.

85
Q

What is the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid

86
Q

Definition of amphipathic

A

Containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

87
Q

Are phospholipids amphipathic molecules?

88
Q

T/F. Proteins are randomly distributed in the plasma membrane.

89
Q

What is cholesterols effect on membranes?

A

At warm temps, restrains movement of phospholipids

At cool temps, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

90
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membranes

91
Q

Transport proteins

A

Allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane

92
Q

Channel proteins

A

Have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel

93
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water

94
Q

What is passive transport

A

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy required

95
Q

Diffusion

A

Is the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space

96
Q

Define concentration gradient

A

The region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

97
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water scores a selectively permeable membrane

98
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain lose water

99
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell. No net water movement across plasma membrane

100
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell. Cell loses water

101
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell. Cell gains water.

102
Q

Active transport

A

Uses energy to move solute against their gradients. Performed by specific proteins embedded in the membranes. Allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ from their surroundings.

103
Q

Proton pump

A

The main electrogenic pump of plants fungi and bacteria

104
Q

Does bulk transport use energy?

105
Q

T/f. Large molecules such as polysaccharides and proteins across the membrane in bulk via vesicles

106
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis bulk transport?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated

Biology (5 decks)

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