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BIO 15O FINAL Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biodiversity is measurable at three levels:

A

Genetic level= variability within species
Species level= variability among species
Ecosystem level= variability among ecosystems

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2
Q

Three domains of life:

A

Archaea, eukarya and bacteria

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3
Q

Population

A

interbreeding group of individuals. Populations exchange genes

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4
Q

Purpose variability within a population

A
  1. some genetic variants have advantages over others
  2. natural selection can act on variation
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5
Q

What if populations are separated and cannot exchange genes (two processes can occur)?

A
  1. Genetic divergence
  2. Speciation
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6
Q

Species richness

A

Number of species in a specific area

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7
Q

Species evenness

A

How close in population size each species is

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8
Q

Areas with greater geographic variation usually has

A

a higher biodiversity

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9
Q

Novel ecosystems

A

Made by humans (example: landfill)

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10
Q

Evolution

A

Change in genetic composition of a population, from one generation to the next

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

Causes adaption inorganisms, acts on variability

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12
Q

Adaptation

A

Inherited trait that enhances the fitness of an individual in its environment

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13
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium used for?

A

model used to determine whether evolution has occurred or not. Is a population in equilibrium or is it evolving?

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14
Q

Hardy-weinberg equations

A
  1. p+q=1
  2. 2p+2pq+2q=1
    p= dominant allele frequency
    q= recessive allele frequency
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15
Q

There are 5 main evolutionary mechanisms:

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Genetic drift
  3. Gene flow
  4. Mutations
  5. Non-random mating
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16
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in the populations’ allele frequencies due to a random event (has larger effect on small populations)

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17
Q

Two mechanisms associated with genetic drift:

A
  1. Bottleneck effect
  2. Founder effect
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18
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Reduction in population size due to a disturbance usually changes genetic composition and often causes a decrease in genetic variation

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19
Q

Founder effect

A

Small number of individuals from a large population colonize a new area

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20
Q

Gene flow

A

When two separated populations can exchange genes in the future. New alleles are randomly brought in by migration.

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21
Q

Difference between gene flow and genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift removes alleles from the population, gene flow introduces new alleles and become part of the gene pool

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22
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genes in a population at a given time

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23
Q

Microevolution

A

Small changes in the gene pool of a population. Refers to evolution within populations

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24
Q

Mutation

A

Random changes in the genetic make-up

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25
Q

Beneficial mutation

A

Mutation that increases the fitness of an individual

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26
Q

Deleterious mutation

A

Mutation that decreases the fitness of an individual

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27
Q

Neutral mutation

A

Mutation that has no effect on the fitness of an individual

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28
Q

Three modes of natural selection:

A
  1. Stabilizing selection
  2. Directional selection
  3. Disruptive selection
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29
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

The intermediate phenotypes have a higher fitness than extreme phenotypes

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30
Q

Directional selection

A

Individual with one of the extreme phenotypes that has a higher fitness than intermediate phenotypes

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31
Q

Disruptive selection

A

BOTH extreme phenotypes are favored at the expense of the intermediates (can facilitate sympatric speciation)

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32
Q

Speciation occurs when…

A

The separated populations are no longer able to produce viable, fertile offspring

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33
Q

Speciation underlies…

A

The diversity of life on earth

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34
Q

Speciation can occur with or without

A

Natural selection

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35
Q

Sympatric speciation

A
  1. New species evolves from the population while still inhabiting the same geographic region
    (REPRODUCTIVE isolation)
  2. Can occur instantaneously through formation of polyploid offspring
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36
Q

Disruptive selection can lead to..

A

Sympatric speciation if strong enough and sustained long enough

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37
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

New species evolves from the population due to GEOGRAPHIC isolation
Example: mountain range, rivers, etc.

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38
Q

2 Types of allopatric speciation

A
  1. Dispersal
  2. Vicariance
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39
Q

Vicariance

A

separation of populations due to geographical barrier

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40
Q

2 types of dispersal and what they mean

A
  1. Active dispersal (organisms move from one location to another w/o assistance)
  2. Passive dispersal (organisms need assistance to move locations. Mostly plants using wind)
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41
Q

Biological species concept

A

Species are groups of interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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42
Q

In order for biological species to form…

A

Reproductive isolation must take place

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43
Q

Ecological species concept

A

A species can be characterized by its ecological niche (usually used for bacteria)

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44
Q

Pre-zygotic isolation

A

In most cases, mating does not even occur

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45
Q

Post-zygotic isolation

A

Reproductive isolation that occurs after members of two different species have mated and produced a hybrid offspring

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46
Q

What are the 5 Mechanisms of PRE-zygotic isolation?

A
  1. temporal isolation
  2. behavioral isolation (courtship behavior differs)
  3. habitat isolation (allopatric speciation)
  4. mechanical Isolation
  5. gametic barrier
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47
Q

Examples of temporal isolation

A
  1. isolated by time
  2. diurnal vs. nocturnal
  3. seasonal differences in activity
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48
Q

Mechanisms here are often genetic incompatibility:
What are 2 mechanisms of POST-zygotic isolation

A
  1. reduced hybrid viability (first generation hybrids are sometimes fertile, but do not produce fertile offspring)
  2. hybrid sterility (offspring is sterile, meaning it cannot sexually reproduce)
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49
Q

Polyploidy

A

Organisms with more than two paired chromosomes

50
Q

Polyploidy results from…

A

Error during meiosis or mitosis which results in doubling of chromosome numbers. Results in massive mutation

51
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Parents of two different species mate resulting in their offspring having two different sets of chromosomes

52
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

All the chromosomes involved are from the same species

53
Q

According to Darwin’s theory: T or F
All species, past and present, trace their ancestry back to a common ancestor

A

True

54
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree tell us?

A

The hypothesized evolutionary history of a group of organisms

55
Q

All organisms require a __________ source and a __________ source

A

Carbon & Energy

56
Q

An organisms that consumes organic C compounds that were produced by other organisms and energy from consuming other organisms

A

chemoheterotroph

57
Q

An organism that synthesizes their own inorganic C compounds and uses light as energy source

A

photoautotroph

58
Q

2 normal forms of metabolism

A
  1. Cellular respiration- Aerobic
  2. Oxygenic photosynthesis
59
Q

3 alternative forms of metabolism

A
  1. Anaerobic cellular respiration
  2. fermentation
  3. Anoxygenic photosynthesis
60
Q

What is Ecology?

A

The study of how organisms interact with one other and with their physical
environment
* Study of factors that influence the distribution (where they live) and abundance (how
many individuals) of organisms

61
Q

Abiotic factors

A

physical or non-living features

62
Q

Biotic factors

A

biological (living) factors

63
Q

Niche:

A

a complete description of the role
a species plays in its environment and of
its requirements, both abiotic and biotic

64
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Abiotic and food/resources

65
Q

Realized Niche

A

Abiotic and food/resources
Species interactions

66
Q

As cell size INCREASES, SA/V…

A

Decreases

67
Q

As cell size DECREASES, SA/V…

A

Increases

68
Q

Oxidation

A

Energy is released. Donates electron and energy

69
Q

Reduction

A

Energy is needed. Accepts electron and energy. Reduced molecules store energy

70
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Similar shared traits derived from a common ancestor

71
Q

Apamorphie

A

New trait

72
Q

As cell size DECREASES, SA/V…

A

Increases

73
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

-bigger cell’s membrane surrounded bacteria cell
-newly engulfed bacterium was not destroyed, it became the new mitochondria

74
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

When an organism of one species lives inside another

75
Q

Endotherms

A

Generates internal heat, depending on presence of food to burn

76
Q

Ectotherms

A

An animal that depends on external sources for body heat
ex: the sun

77
Q

How do animals regulate temperature?

A

Moving to areas that are optimal for their needs

78
Q

Tradeoff of being an endotherm:

A

Can live in cold habitats, but cannot live on little food

79
Q

Tradeoff of being an ectotherm:

A

Cannot live in cold habitats, but can live where there is little food

80
Q

Bryophytes

A

Plants w/o vascular tissues (non-vascular) or roots

81
Q

Stomata

A

Small pores on a leaf that allow for water, light, and gases to go in and out of the plant

82
Q

Guard cells

A

Open and close the stoma

83
Q

Transpiration

A

Water is taken up by diffusion, but delivered by bulk flow

84
Q

Community

A

– Populations of different species that overlap in
time and space and (typically) have a long co-evolutionary
history (in contrast to invasive / non-native species)

85
Q

Keystone Species

A
  • Species that have a much greater impact on the distribution and
    abundance of surrounding species than its abundance would suggest.
86
Q

Top down regulation of populations in communities:

A

Community structure is regulated by higher trophic levels

87
Q

Bottom up regulation of populations in communities:

A

community structure is determined by amount of resources at lower trophic
levels

88
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plant, seeds protected by carpels

89
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Seeds are unprotected

90
Q

What are the four levels of organization in ecology

A

individual
population
community
ecosystem

91
Q

Genetic Diversity:

A

Total genetic information contained within all
individuals of a population

92
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer:

A

Horizontal Gene Transfer: Exchange of genes with others in the same
generation

93
Q

Alleles:

A

Different versions of the same gene

94
Q

Adaptations :

A

A heritable trait that increases fitness in a given
environment AND the spread of advantageous traits in the population

95
Q

Taxonomic Species diversity:

A

total number of species in an area

96
Q

Genetic diversity:

A

total genetic information contained within all individuals of a population,
species, or group of different species

97
Q

Functional diversity:

A

Elements of biodiversity that influence how an ecosystem functions.
Species have ”functional roles” in an ecosystem

98
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

99
Q

Benefit of sexual reproduction:

A

Produce genetically diverse offspring

100
Q

Benefit of asexual reproduction:

A
  1. Organisms don’t have to spend time and energy searching for a mate
  2. Produces a lot of offspring at a fast pace
  3. Bacteria can transfer their DNA to other species
101
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce:

A

Binary fission (asexual reproduction)

102
Q

What is the result of binary fission?

A

2 daughter cells that are identical to each other and the original parent cell

103
Q

Zygote

A

Sex cell

104
Q

In sexual reproduction, the parent cell is… (haploid/diploid)

A

Haploid

105
Q

Eukaryotes can reproduce by:

A

Mitosis and/or Meiosis (primarily the use of meiosis)

106
Q

Mitosis is needed for:

A

Asexual reproduction

107
Q

Two ways that unicellular eukaryotes ASEXUALLY reproduce:

A
  1. Binary fission
  2. Budding (yeast)
108
Q

Types of ASEXUAL reproduction in multicellular eukaryotes:

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding (Forms on parent, then breaks off and lives on its own)
  3. Fragmentation (Piece of individual breaks off and regenerates the rest ex: sea sponge)
109
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher solution content in the surroundings (usually the ocean), water rushes OUT

110
Q

Hypertonic cell

A

Higher solution content in the cell (usually in freshwater), water rushes IN

111
Q

Hypotonic cell

A

Higher solution content in the surroundings (usually animals living in the ocean), water rushes OUT

112
Q

What is Isotonic?

A

When concentrations are the same inside and outside the cell

113
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Production of offspring
that are genetically
identical to the parent.
Doesn’t require
fertilization or mating

114
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

two gametes provide
information to make
genetically unique
offspring. Requires
fertilization & meiosis.

115
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous condition produces an intermediate trait

116
Q

codominance

A

two alleles are equally dominant, both appear in the phenotype

117
Q

gene pool

A

all genes in a population in a given time

118
Q

phylogenetics

A

the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms, or of a particular feature of an organism.

119
Q

Homeostasis

A

When organisms actively regulate and maintain a constant
internal (physiological) state in the face of changing
environmental conditions

120
Q

Thermoregulation

A

is the ability of an organism
keep its temperature within certain boundaries

121
Q

osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations.

122
Q
A

Bio (6 decks)

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