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BIO 140 FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of electron pairs, strong, enzyme breaks it

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2
Q

isomer

A

diff geometric arrangements of same formula

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3
Q

non covalent

A

weak, broken by heat

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4
Q

polar covalent

A

unequal sharing of e- , hydrophilic, +/- partial charge

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5
Q

hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen attached to highly electronegative atom O . THERE IS HYDROGEN

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6
Q

of neutrons

A

calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass; differentiates isotopes from same element

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7
Q

mass number

A

protons and neutrons

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8
Q

rows

A

same number of shells/ orbitals (rings)

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9
Q

columns

A

number of valence e- (1-8). SHOW MORE SIMILARITY group/family

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10
Q

higher H+

A

lower ph= acidic

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11
Q

lower H+

A

higher ph= basic

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12
Q

electronegative

A

exert greater force of shared e-, partial +/- POLAR COVALENT bond

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13
Q

non polar covalent

A

equally sharing of e-

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14
Q

ionic

A

metal and nonmetal, transfer/ donate electrons

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15
Q

oxygen

A

electronegative, polar covalent bond

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16
Q

hydrophobic

A

not dissolve in water, non-polar

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17
Q

hydrophilic

A

dissolve in water , polar

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18
Q

dissolve in water?

A

covalent( sugar) and ionic (salt)

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19
Q

van der walls

A

prortein- protein, weak, due to transiet aysmmetries

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20
Q

cell respiration

A

break down food for enegery to run

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21
Q

proteins

A

proteins are polymers made up of monomers, complex, made up of amino acids

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22
Q

nucleic acids

A

rna and dna

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23
Q

lipids

A

not polymers bc not made up of same structure HYDROPHOBIC

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24
Q

The discovery that DNA from killed virulent bacteria can transform live harmless bacteria, and therefore is the hereditary molecule, was based on the work of

A

Griffith/Avery, Macleod, and McCarthy

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25
Q

The leading and the lagging strands differ in that

A

the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction (5’-3’)as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging is synthesized in the opposite direction(3’-5’)

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26
Q

what is the difference between the sugars moieties in DNA and RNA?

A

DNA contains deoxyribose which lacks a 2’ OH group

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27
Q

lipid types

A

fats/ oils= energy, sugars= signal/ structure, phospholipids= make up cell membranes

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28
Q

electronegativity

A

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

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29
Q

if a double stranded DNA has 10% Guanine, what percent Adenine would be expected?

A

10% Guanine - 10% Cytosine = 20%
100/20 =80
80/2 = 40% Adenine & Thymine

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30
Q

a covalent bond is likely to be polar when

A

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other

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31
Q

The DNA template is read in the _____ direction and mRNA synthesis occurs in the ______ direction

A

3’ to 5’ ; 5’ to 3’

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32
Q

Similarities and differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

-Similarities: plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes, cell wall (only in some eukaryotes and the structures are very different)
-Differences: presence of a nucleus (and other membrane bound organelles), size

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33
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed (the total energy of a system remains constant)

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34
Q

Second law of Thermodynamics

A

the degree of disorder in the universe tends to increase over time

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35
Q

Explains the terms antiparallel and complementary as they relate to DNA and RNA structure

A

-Antiparallel- one strand runs 5’ to 3’ and the other runs 3’ to 5’
-Complementary- base pairing rules = A binds to T and G binds to C (purines bind with pyrimidines)

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36
Q

valenece electrons

A

number of electrons in outermost energy shell

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37
Q

micelles

A

A spherical structure in which lipids with bulky heads and a single hydrophobic tail are packed.

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38
Q

Exocytosis

A

when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane

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39
Q

Physiological pH is 7.4. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution at
physiological pH?
a. -7.4
b. 0.6 x 10-8
c. 1 x 10-7.4
d. 4 x 10-8

A

c. 1 x 10-7.4
HOW TO SOLVE:
pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 1x10-pH
[H+] = 1 x 10-7.4

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40
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

Having one or more double bonds that introduce kinks in the phospholipids reducing the tightness of packing

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41
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds, resulting in phospholipids with a straight structure that favors tight packing

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42
Q

excision repair

A

corrects abnormal or damaged bases

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43
Q

mismatch repair

A

DNA containing the mismatch is removed then resynthesized

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44
Q

Hypertonic

A

one with higher solute concentration than that inside the cell (shrinks

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45
Q

Isotonic

A

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

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46
Q

hypotonic

A

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (moves into cell and bursts)

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47
Q

how does a lysosome maintain its low internal pH

A

by pumping hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient into the lysosome

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48
Q

lysosome

A

contains enzymes that break down macromolecules such as protons, lipids, and complex carbs

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49
Q

protein transporters that move in opposite directions.

A

antiporters

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50
Q

symporters/cotransporters

A

protein transporters that move two molecules in the same direction.

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51
Q

tRNAs move through the ribosomal sites in which order?

A

A, P, E

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52
Q

silent mutations

A

a nucleotide substitution that does not change the amino acid sequence (synonymous)

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53
Q

Misense mutation

A

changes the amino acid sequence

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54
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

can change an amino acid to stop a codon resulting in a shortened and unstable protein

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55
Q

hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water, polar

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56
Q

hydrophobic

A

not attracted to water, non polar

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57
Q

a molecule of water moving down its concentration gradient into a cell would require which type of transport?

A

passive transport through a channel or carrier protein

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58
Q

amphipathic

A

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

59
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein

60
Q

which type of mutation repair occurs soon after DNA replication

A

mismatch repair

61
Q

prokaryotes

A

No nucleus

62
Q

Eukaryote

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

63
Q

which type of RNA are involved in translation

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

64
Q

lipid bilayer

A

a structure formed of 2 layers of lipids in which the hydrophilic heads are the outside surfaces of bilayer, and hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in between, isolated from contact with aqueous environment

65
Q

diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

66
Q

when a cell is placed in a certain solution, water flows out of the cell. what can be said about the solution surrounding the cell?

A

it has a higher concentration of solute than the inside the cell does

67
Q

steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. the citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
68
Q

the citric acid cycle

A

Stage 2 of cellular respiration
Location: mitochondria matrix
What happens: The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is completely oxidized during the citric acid cycle

69
Q

(T/F) If an enzyme inhibitor is similar in structure to an enzyme substrate it is likely to be a competitive inhibitor

A

true

70
Q

Inhibitors

A

decrease the activity of enzymes

71
Q

activators

A

increase the activity of enzymes

72
Q

what is the direct energy source that drives the majority of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration

A

the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondria membrane

73
Q

exergonic

A

spontaneous and release energy -ΔG

74
Q

endergonic

A

non spontaneous and require energy +ΔG

75
Q

NADH is an electron _______ because it is ________

A

donor, reduced

76
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

77
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

78
Q

How is ATP generated in muscle cells

A

lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration, and B oxidation

79
Q

Energy coupling always results in a net ________ ΔG which means the reaction is __________

A

negative, spontaneous

80
Q

energetic coupling

A

a process in which a spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous reaction

81
Q

catabolism

A

the set of reactions that break down molecules and release energy

82
Q

anabolism

A

the set of reactions that build molecules and require energy

83
Q

what is oxidized in cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+ O2 → Oxidized (glucose and oxygen)

84
Q

what is the electron donor and final electron acceptor in photosynthesis?

A

water is the electron donor and NADP+ is the final electron acceptor

85
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

86
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

87
Q

2 Ways you can generate ATP during cellular respiration

A
  1. Substrate level phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation
88
Q

2 Reactions of Photosynthesis

A
  1. Calvin cycle- in which carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrates
  2. Light harvesting reaction- in which ATP and NAPH are generated to drive the Calvin cycle
89
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotes?

A

Chloroplast

90
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

stroma

91
Q

the Calvin cycle

A
  1. addition of co2 (carboxylation)
  2. reduction
  3. regeneration
92
Q

what form of energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose?

A

potential

93
Q

Heat (thermal energy)

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

94
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

95
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

96
Q

chemical energy

A

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.

97
Q

NAD+ is the _______ form while NADH is the _______ form

A

oxidized, reduced

98
Q

NO HYDROGEN =

A

OXIDIZED

99
Q

IF THERE IS A HYDROGEN =

A

REDUCED

100
Q

what 2 places can protein be produced and when are they sorted?

A
  1. free ribosomes in the cytosol = sorted after translation
  2. membrane bound ribosomes on the rough ER = sorted during translation
101
Q

What is the difference in carbon sources between autotrophs and chemotrophs?

A

-autrophs obtain carbon from co2
-chemotrophs obtain carbon from organic carbon compounds (glucose

102
Q

in which level of protein structure will hydrogen bonds between amino acid R groups form?

A

tertiary and quaternary

103
Q

what do enzymes change about a reaction?

A

they decrease the activation energy, increase the rate of the reaction

104
Q

which cytoskeletal polymers are polar?

A

microtubules and microfilaments

105
Q

The process of converting the “message” of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids is called:

A

translation

106
Q

In prokaryotes, what site on the mRNA does the ribosome bind to initiate translation?

A

shine-dalgarno sequence

107
Q

in eukaryotes, what site on the mRNA does the ribosome bind to initiate translation?

A

first AUG

108
Q

what are the 3 stop codons

A

(UAA, UAG, UGA)

109
Q

The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is best described as

A

passive transport

109
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

109
Q

The steps of signal transduction in order are

A

Activation, transduction, response, termination

109
Q

long distance cell signaling

A

signals are produced by specialized cells and released into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of the body

109
Q

When cells send a signal, it is often in the form of a secreted molecule. In some cases, a cell will secrete a molecule that binds to a receptor on its own cell surface. What type of signaling is this?

A

Autocrine

110
Q

t/f Paracrine signaling allows neighboring cells to communicate over relatively short distances

A

t

111
Q

At which stage of meiosis is each chromosome composed of a single chromatid?

A

anapahse II

112
Q

During which stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur?

A

prophase I

113
Q

During which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle does DNA and chromosome replication occur?

A

S phase of interphase

114
Q

Secondary structure:

A

a-helices or b-sheets
Secondary protein structure: hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to hold into a repeating pattern

115
Q

Tertiary structure:

A

Tertiary protein structure: 3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
how the secondary structure comes together in a 3D space

116
Q

Quaternary Structure:

A

multiple polypeptides coming together
Quaternary protein structure: protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

117
Q

Properties of Water

A

Ice floats on water; , cohesion, adhesion, high surface tension, slow heat reactance, universal solvent.

118
Q

Monomer + Energy

A

= Polymer

119
Q

Amino acid (monomer) + energy

A

= Protein (polymer)

120
Q

Enthalpy (ΔH):

A

total energy, chemical (potential) energy in bonds

121
Q

Free energy (ΔG):

A

energy to do work

122
Q

Entropy (ΔS):

A

disorder or unavailable energy

123
Q

Less disorder (-ΔS),

A

more chemical energy in bonds (+ΔH)

124
Q

More disorder (+ΔS),

A

ess chemical energy in bonds (-ΔH

124
Q

Energetic coupling:

A

spontaneous reaction (-ΔG) drives a non spontaneous reaction (+ΔG

125
Q

Irreversible inhibitor:

A

forms covalent bonds with enzymes & irreversibly activates them

126
Q

reversible inhibitor:

A

: forms weak bonds with enzymes and can therefore easily dissociate from them

127
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

Product from end of pathway binds to and turns off enzyme at the start of the pathway through an allosteric inhibitor

128
Q

Catalyzed reaction means that

A

an enzyme was used

129
Q

Hydrophobic effect:

A

Non-polar molecules repelled by water.

130
Q

Activation Energies:

A

Enzymes stabilize transition states, reduce activation energy

131
Q

Steps of Translation:

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination.

132
Q

Prophase:

A

chromosomes condense

133
Q

Prometaphase:

A

microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

134
Q

Metaphase

A

: chromosomes align in the center of the cell

135
Q

Anaphase:

A

sister chromatids (which become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits) scepter and travel to opposite poles

136
Q

Telophase:

A

Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense.

137
Q

Does passive transport require energy?

A

no

138
Q

does active transport require energy

A

yes

139
Q
A

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