bio Flashcards
Species
A species is a group of organisms who can reproduce to make fertile offspring.
Continuous variation
Things we measure! Can have fractions or decimal points. (Eg. height, weight, etc.)
Discontinuous variation
Things we count! Normally a whole number. (Eg. eye colour, blood type, etc.)
3 thinks that influence variation
inheritance, mutations and enviroment
DNA containts
Contains the instructions for the growth and function of all living things
DNA’s shape and what it’s made off.
DNA is a double stranded helix shaped molecule made of things called nucleotides.
What DNA backbon maade off?
From sugar phosphate
Pairs of nucleotoid bases
Ademin always pairs with Thymine
Cystonine always pairs with Guanine
1.A strand of DNA is called a ___
.2.Chromosomes are found in the ___.
3.A length of DNA that codes for a trait is called a ___.
1.Chromosome
2.Nucleus
3.Gene
What should I do for extracting DNA?
Extracting the DNA
- Place fruit in a Ziploc bag and mash for 3 minutes
- Add 2 ml of water, a pinch of salt and 5 drops of washing up liquid
- Gently mash for 3 minutes
- Setup a clamp stand and filter funnel and filter the mixture into a clean beaker
Observing the DNA
- Pour 10ml of filtered solution into a clean boiling tube
- Slowly pour ethanol into the boiling tube. They need to be 2 separate layer, do not let them mix.
7.Wait - Use a wooden splint remove any DNA that appears.
Gene
A gene is a piece of DNA that controls one thing about an organism (eg. height)
Allele
An allele is all the possible versions of a gene (eg. tall, medium, small etc)
Phenotype
Genotype
Appearance of the organism
The alleles that lead to appearance
The dominant (genoptype)
The recessive (genoptype)
Is the characteristic that shows up
Is often “hidden”
Homozygous
Heterozygous
In genotype has only dominant/recessive
In genotype there are dominant and recessive
Gametes
Sperm and egg cells
4 stages of natural selection
- Variation
- Competition
- Adaptations
- Selection
Variation
Differences between individuals within a species.
Adaptation
Adjusting organisms to chnages in environments
Natural selection
A process by which a species changes over time in to survive in a new conditions.
Selection Pressure
External conditions which affect an organism’s ability to survive in a given environment.
Control groups
A group of an experiment that doesn’t receive any treatment at all.
What is photosynthesis?
Crating nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.
Parts of the flower
Flower, stem, leaf, seed and roots
Cotyledon
An embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.
Hypocotyl
The part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the root.
Radicle
The part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root.
Epicotyl
The region of an embryo or seedling stem above the cotyledon.
Seed coat
The hard protective outer covering of a seed.
Respiration (plants)
The process of respiration in plants involves using the sugars produced during photosynthesis plus oxygen to produce energy for plant growth.
Endosperm
The part of a seed which acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo
Name of all reaserach phases
Research phase
Planning phase
Practical phase
Analysis phase
Conclusion
Plumule
he shoot or bud of a plant embryo or seedling that is located between the cotyledons and grows into the stem and leaves.
