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bio Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a conjugated protein

A

contains non protein group
has prosthetic group - Fe
prosthetic group attached by covalent bonds

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2
Q

which non essential hormones are made in the medulla

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

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3
Q

role of adrenaline

A

increases heart rate
increases blood glucose conc
converts glycogen in to glucose

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4
Q

role of noradrenaline

A

works with adrenaline
increases heart rate
widens pupils
widens air passage in the lungs
narrowing of blood vessels in non essential organs - increases BP

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5
Q

which vital hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex

A

gluco cort icoids
mineralo cort icoids
androgens

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6
Q

role of glucocorticoids

A
  • cortisol regulates metabolism buy controlling how the body converts fats, proteins and cards into energy
  • helps regulate BP and cardiovascular function in response to stress
  • corticosterone works with cortisol to regulate immune system and suppress inflammatory reactions
  • controlled by hypothalamus
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7
Q

role of mineralocorticoids

A
  • aldosterone helps control blood pressure by maintaining the balance between salt and water conc in the blood and body fluids
  • release mediated by signals triggered by kidney
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8
Q

role of androgens

A
  • small amounts of male and female sex hormones
  • impact small
  • oestrogen, testosterone
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9
Q

structure of adrenal gland

A

outer layer = adrenal cortex
inner layer = medulla

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10
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid soluble
- can pass through lipid component of cell membrane and bind to steroid hormone receptors
- form hormone receptor complex
- acts as a transcription factor which facilitates or inhibits the transcription of specific gene - oestrogen

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11
Q

non steroid hormones

A

hydrophilic - cannot pass directly through the cell membrane
- they bind to specific receptors on cell surface membrane on the target cell
- triggers cascade reaction mediated by chemicals called second messengers - adrenaline

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12
Q

action of adrenaline

A
  • adrenaline is hydrophilic so cannot pass directly through the membrane
  • adrenaline attaches to receptor on cell surface membrane
  • forms adrenaline receptor complex
  • when adrenaline binds to receptor - enzyme adenlylyl cyclase is activated
  • adenlylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP.
  • this activates enzyme protein kinase to convert glycogen into glucose.
  • example of a cascade effect as at each stage the number of molecules involved increases
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13
Q

role of Kuffer cells

A

destroy bacteria in the blood travelling through the liver

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14
Q

role of sinusoid

A

sinusoid are small channels surrounded by liver cells - hepatocytes and they carry the blood form the sources to the central vein
the blood fro the hepatic vein and artery and mixed and this increased the o2 content of the blood from the hepatic portal vein - supplying the hepatocytes with enough o2

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15
Q

functions of the liver

A
  • bile synthesis - aids fat digestion
  • gluconeogenesis
  • storage of iron, copper and vitamins
  • location of the orthinine cycle
  • regulation of glycogen storage
  • detoxification
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16
Q

deamination

A

protein metabolism
removal of an amine group
amino acids -> ammonia –> urea

17
Q

ornithine cycle

A

amino acids –> ornithine + ammonia –> urea + water

18
Q

transamination

A

conversion of 1 amino acid into another

19
Q

detoxification

A

breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

hepatocytes contain:
catalase
alcohol dehydrogenase

catalase catalyses
hydrogen peroxide –> o2 + water

alcohol dehydrogenase
ethanol –> ethanal
ethanal –> ethanoate –> fatty acids

20
Q

all or nothing law

A

if the, stimulus is not strong enough then the
threshold (value) is not reached
which means that
depolarisation (of membrane) is insufficient,
then, it / an action potential, is not, generated - muscle does not contract eg

21
Q

how can you produce timber sustainably using clear felling

A
  • limit size of area that is (felled)
  • replanting (of trees that have been felled) 
  • minimum distance between (replanted) trees
  • allow time for new trees to fully grow (before next felling)
  • limiting soil erosion after felling 
22
Q

what is coppicing

A
  • trunk cut close to ground level
  • several new shoots grow from cut surface
  • protect young shoots from grazers
  • process repeated after certain time
  • broadleaved species
  • rotational coppicing can be repeated indefinitely
23
Q

benefits of coppicing

A
  • new stems grow more rapidly than saplings
  • lifespan of tree extended
  • provides variety of light levels
  • fewer large trees means more light for smaller plants
  • provides a variety of habitats
  • roots prevent soil erosion
  • maintains soil quality
  • prevents succession
  • large machinery not needed
24
Q

properties of water

A
  • as a solvent
  • high heat capacity
  • as a coolant
  • metabolic importance
  • cohesion and adhesion
25
Q

water as a polar molecule

A

oxygen has a greater affinity for the elections and pulls them closer
this results in a weak netgatively charged region on the oxygen atom
weak positively charged region on the H+ atom
oxygen is slightly more negative
hydrogen slightly more positive

26
Q

cohesion and adhesion

A

the slight negative charge on the 02 atom makes it attract the slight positive + atom of another water molecule and they form a hydrogen bond

27
Q

high specific heat capacity of water

A

hydrogen bonds require a lot of energy to break them
water less dense than ice so it floats

28
Q

chemical defences to herbivores in plants

A
  • Tannins
  • Alkaloids
  • Terpenoids
29
Q

Tannins

A

They have a bitter taste and are toxic to insects as they bind to digestive enzymes in the saliva

30
Q

Alkaloids

A

large group of bitter tasting compounds found in plants.
They act as drugs and affect the metabolism of animals - sometimes poisonous
Caffeine -
toxic to insects and fungi
prevents the germination of seeds
Nicotine -
toxin produced in the roots of tobacco plants
it is stored in vacuoles and released when the leaf is eaten

31
Q

Terpenoids

A

act as toxins to insects and fungi that might attack the plant
Pyrethrin - produced by chrysanthemums - act as insect neurotoxins which interfere with the nervous system
act as insect repellents - citronella

32
Q

pheromones

A

chemical made by an organism which affect the social behaviour of other members of the same species

33
Q

Volatile organic compounds

A

VOC’s act like pheromones and diffuse through the air in and around the plant
the planets use these chemical signals to defend themselves
They may elect gene switching

34
Q

plants folding in response to touch - mimosa pudica

A

It contains a toxic alkaloid and the stem has sharp prickles and if the leaves are touched they fold and collapse
The leaf falls in a few seconds and recovers as a result of potassium ion movement followed by osmotic water movement

biology (3 decks)

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