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1
Q

where does Mitosis does and does not occur ?

A

Mitosis happens in somatic cells (body cells) NOT gametes (sex cells)

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2
Q

what is the female and male chromosome ?

A
  • Females – XX
  • Males – XY
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3
Q

where are chromosomes found and what do they contain ?

A
  • Chromosomes are found in the cell nucleus, and contains many genes.
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4
Q

what’s a gene ?

A
  • A gene is a section of DNA that carries the code to make particular proteins
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5
Q

what is a karyotype ?

A

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

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6
Q

what is diffusion ?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of a high to low concentration.

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7
Q

tell me 5 good qualities of a Alveoli

A
  • Permeable
    • Moist - so oxygen can diffuse faster since its moist.
    • One cell thick
    • Good blood supply
    • Large surface area
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8
Q

what is Isotonic

A

means the concentration of solute (i.e. sugar) is the same inside the cell as it is outside the cell.

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9
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

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9
Q

what is Sedimentation

A

Sedimentation is the process in which particles separate from a liquid because of gravity

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10
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

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11
Q

what is permeable

A
  • Permeable means that things are allowed through
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12
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

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13
Q

Why does water move?

A

Just like diffusion, particles want to be evenly spread out

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14
Q

what’s the definition of concentration

A
  • Concentration tells us how many particles are in a given volume
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15
Q

what’s the definition of solute

A
  • The solute is the substance that has dissolved
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16
Q

what’s the definition of solvent

A

The solvent is the liquid that dissolves something

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17
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

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18
Q

tell me 5 things of the small intestine

A

Absorbs food
Long
Large surface area (villi and microvilli)
Permeable
Good blood supply

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19
Q

active transport

A

Active transport is the opposite of diffusion and osmosis as particles move from a low to high concentration, and
this process requires energy from respirations

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20
Q

name 4 types of tissues

A
  • Connective tissue - supports other types of tissue e.g. bone, fat, cartilage
  • Muscle tissue - able to contract
  • Epithelial tissue - lines your intestines and blood vessels
  • nervous tissue - can conduct electrical (nerve) impulses. found in brain spinal cord, all around the body
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21
Q

WHAT IS ORGANISATION

A
  • Cells being specialized
  • They get grouped together and get more complex called an organisation then they effectively work together in a job e.g. pumping the heart.
    The cells are organised into tissues,
    organs and
    organ systems in order to perform different functions and keep the organism alive
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22
Q

7 life processes

A

M - movement
R - respiration
S - sensitivity
G - growth
R - reproduce
E - excretion
N - nutrition (acquired it)

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23
Q

digestion definition

A

the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones

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24
Q

After we swallow, food moves through the organs of the digestive systems
name 4 in order.

A
  • Oesophagus
    • Stomach
    • Small intestine
    • Large intestine
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25
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

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26
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

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27
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

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28
Q
  • Oesophagus
A

transport food entering the mouth through the throat and into the stomach.

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29
Q
  • Stomach
A

digests food

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30
Q
  • Small intestine
A

break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components.

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31
Q

Large intestine

A
  • absorbing water, electrolytes and vitamins,
  • producing vitamins
  • forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.
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32
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

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33
Q

Small intestine’s feature with an advantage

A

Has millions of folded surface called villi which increases the surface area allowing the amount of substances diffusing into the cell to increase

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34
Q

magnification

A

the number of times larger an image is compared to its actual size when observed under a microscope.

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35
Q

resolution

A

how clear your image looks (the focus)

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36
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

a cell without a nucleus and they are usually smaller and simpler e.g bacteria

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37
Q

nucleus

A

Contain genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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38
Q

tell me 1 good and bad thing of using electron microscope

A

uses a beam of electrons instead of light ray so they show more detail
bad thing is that the results are in black and white

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39
Q

what are enzymes

A

Enzymes are catalyst produced by living things to speed up reactions
They are all large protein (chains of amino acids)

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40
Q

active site

A

this is where the substrate binds

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41
Q

what are these 3 broken down to:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Protein

A
  • Carbohydrates are broken down by carbohydrase
  • Lipids are broken down with lipases
  • Protein are broken down with proteases
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42
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

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43
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

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44
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

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45
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

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46
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

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47
Q

Affects of temperature

A
  • As the temperature increases the particles get more kinetic energy.
    • This means they move faster so collide (and bind) with enzymes more often.
  • This speeds up the rate of reaction.
    *However, past the optimum temperature, the rate decreases (gets slower).
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48
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

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49
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

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50
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

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51
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

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52
Q

When temperature is too high, the enzyme denatures

A
  • When temperature is too high, the enzyme denatures meaning the bonds holding the enzyme break.
  • so the active site changes shapes and the substrates no longer fits.
  • meaning the reaction wont take place
53
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

54
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

55
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

56
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

57
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

58
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

59
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

60
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

61
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

62
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

63
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

64
Q

Affects of pH

A

· The optimum pH for most enzymes are 7 but some that are produced in acidic conditions such as stomach have a lower optimum pH (pH 2) and some that are produced in alkaline condition, such as the duodenum, have a higher optimum pH (Ph 8 or 9)
- and the pH is too high or low, the bonds that hold the amino acid chain together break.

65
Q

Optimum temperature

A

the best => 36-37’c (if in your body)

66
Q

what is enzymes function

A

help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. (the goods ones)

67
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

68
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

69
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

70
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

71
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

72
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

73
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

74
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

75
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

76
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

77
Q

tell me an leaf adaption if it’s thin

A

There is a short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf

78
Q

tell me an leaf adaption if it’s green

A

Chlorophyll traps light energy needed for photosynthesis

79
Q

tell me an leaf adaption if it’s waxy cuticle

A

Protects leaf and is transparent to let light through

80
Q

tell me an leaf adaption if it’s large surface area

A

Allows the maximum amount of light to be absorbed

81
Q

tell me an leaf adaption if it’s transparent

A

Allows light through

82
Q

cell definition

A

It is the smallest unit that can live on its own which can make all living organisms and tissues

83
Q

tissue definition

A

A group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function

84
Q

organ definition

A

Made up of groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular a particular function

85
Q

organ system definition

A

Made from a group of organs with related

86
Q

what is Hypertonic ?

A

means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.

87
Q

Where does gases exchange happen ?

A

the Alveoli in the lungs

88
Q

what is Hypotonic ?

A

means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.

89
Q

Partially meaning ?

A

Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it

90
Q

what is osmosis

A

It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane

91
Q

what can you see in a electron microscope that you cant see in a light microscope ?

A

atom, lipids, flu virus

92
Q

what are the main organs in this organ system: Excretory

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

93
Q

what are the main organs in this organ system: Respiratory

A

Airways, lungs, nasal cavity, diaphragm nostrils, nasal chamber, epiglottis, trachea

94
Q

what are the main organs in this organ system: Circulatory

A

Heart, veins, capillaries and arteries

95
Q

what are the main organs in this organ system: Digestive

A

mouth, exophages, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine and anus

96
Q

what are the main organs in this organ system: nervous

A

Brain and spinal cord

97
Q

what are the main function for this organ system: Excretory

A

Remove waste from body => removes toxic substances

98
Q

what are the main function for this organ system: Respiratory

A

Help you breathe

99
Q

what are the main function for this organ system: Circulatory

A

Distributes substances around your body – oxygen, glucose,

100
Q

what are the main function for this organ system:
Digestive

A

breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins

101
Q

what are the main function for this organ system: nervous

A

transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs

102
Q

what is the function and role of the Epithelial tissue in the stomach

A

muscle
Churns food

103
Q

what is the function and role of the Glandular tissue in the stomach

A
104
Q

what is the function and role of the muscular tissue in the stomach

A
105
Q

what can stents do ?

A

Stents can be used to keep the coronary arteries open

106
Q

what are Monomer

A

they are subunit that make the polymer

107
Q

what are polymer

A

polymer = a chain of subunit bonded together = chain of units

108
Q

Why are proteases, carbohydrase and lipases added to the food that leaves the stomach

A

-to complete digestion of food to small soluble substance

109
Q

Why does bile need to neutralise the stomach acid ?

A

-Enzymes in the duodenum works optimally at a neutral ph.
-they would be denatured at low ph.

110
Q

What is breaking up the fat into smaller droplet called

A

Emulsification: it creates a larger surface are for the lipase to access

111
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch into maltose =>and maltose gets broken down to glucose.

112
Q

what is Intestinal juice made by and what does it contain

A

Intestinal juice made by glands in the wall of the small intestine
Contains proteases, carbohydrase

113
Q

where is Digested food is absorbed into

A

Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestines

114
Q

where does the Arteries take the blood

A

always moves blood away the heart

115
Q

where does the veins take the blood

A

takes blood into the heart.

116
Q

Capillaries

A

where things get exchange (where things enter and leave the heart)

117
Q

which is first and which is second ?
Oxygenated blood
Deoxidated blood

A

Deoxidated blood
Oxygenated blood

118
Q

what’s the flow diagram to show how blood circulates in the body

A

right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left ventricle
aorta
rest of the body
(vena cava)
left ventricle

119
Q

Describe one role of the natural peacemaker in simulating the contractions of the heart [4 marker]

A

It allows the heart oxygen to enter

It is a group of specialized cell found in your right atrium

Generates electrical impulses which causes a wave of contractions

Contractions spread across the heart

120
Q

Suggest how this ensures the heart is an efficient pump
[2 marker]

A

Allows all the blood to empty from the atria into the ventricles

Contracting from the bottom of the bottom of the ventricle pushes blood up and out of the heart.

121
Q

Suggest how the natural pacemaker might control the heart rate (speed) [2 marker]

A

Increasing and decreasing frequency (how often) of electrical signals

Increasing or decreasing heart rate

122
Q

which type of blood vessels contain valves

A

veins and aorta

123
Q

what organelle is the site of protein synthesis

A
124
Q
A
125
Q
A
126
Q

what organelle is the site of chloroplast

A

chloroplast

127
Q

what organelle is the site of

A

cytoplasm

128
Q
A
129
Q
A
130
Q
A

gcse (14 decks)

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