bio Flashcards
where does Mitosis does and does not occur ?
Mitosis happens in somatic cells (body cells) NOT gametes (sex cells)
what is the female and male chromosome ?
- Females – XX
- Males – XY
where are chromosomes found and what do they contain ?
- Chromosomes are found in the cell nucleus, and contains many genes.
what’s a gene ?
- A gene is a section of DNA that carries the code to make particular proteins
what is a karyotype ?
an individual’s complete set of chromosomes.
what is diffusion ?
The spreading out of particles from an area of a high to low concentration.
tell me 5 good qualities of a Alveoli
- Permeable
- Moist - so oxygen can diffuse faster since its moist.
- One cell thick
- Good blood supply
- Large surface area
what is Isotonic
means the concentration of solute (i.e. sugar) is the same inside the cell as it is outside the cell.
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
what is Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the process in which particles separate from a liquid because of gravity
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
what is permeable
- Permeable means that things are allowed through
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
Why does water move?
Just like diffusion, particles want to be evenly spread out
what’s the definition of concentration
- Concentration tells us how many particles are in a given volume
what’s the definition of solute
- The solute is the substance that has dissolved
what’s the definition of solvent
The solvent is the liquid that dissolves something
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
tell me 5 things of the small intestine
Absorbs food
Long
Large surface area (villi and microvilli)
Permeable
Good blood supply
active transport
Active transport is the opposite of diffusion and osmosis as particles move from a low to high concentration, and
this process requires energy from respirations
name 4 types of tissues
- Connective tissue - supports other types of tissue e.g. bone, fat, cartilage
- Muscle tissue - able to contract
- Epithelial tissue - lines your intestines and blood vessels
- nervous tissue - can conduct electrical (nerve) impulses. found in brain spinal cord, all around the body
WHAT IS ORGANISATION
- Cells being specialized
- They get grouped together and get more complex called an organisation then they effectively work together in a job e.g. pumping the heart.
The cells are organised into tissues,
organs and
organ systems in order to perform different functions and keep the organism alive
7 life processes
M - movement
R - respiration
S - sensitivity
G - growth
R - reproduce
E - excretion
N - nutrition (acquired it)
digestion definition
the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones
After we swallow, food moves through the organs of the digestive systems
name 4 in order.
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
- Oesophagus
transport food entering the mouth through the throat and into the stomach.
- Stomach
digests food
- Small intestine
break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components.
Large intestine
- absorbing water, electrolytes and vitamins,
- producing vitamins
- forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
Small intestine’s feature with an advantage
Has millions of folded surface called villi which increases the surface area allowing the amount of substances diffusing into the cell to increase
magnification
the number of times larger an image is compared to its actual size when observed under a microscope.
resolution
how clear your image looks (the focus)
prokaryotic cells
a cell without a nucleus and they are usually smaller and simpler e.g bacteria
nucleus
Contain genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
tell me 1 good and bad thing of using electron microscope
uses a beam of electrons instead of light ray so they show more detail
bad thing is that the results are in black and white
what are enzymes
Enzymes are catalyst produced by living things to speed up reactions
They are all large protein (chains of amino acids)
active site
this is where the substrate binds
what are these 3 broken down to:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Protein
- Carbohydrates are broken down by carbohydrase
- Lipids are broken down with lipases
- Protein are broken down with proteases
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
Affects of temperature
- As the temperature increases the particles get more kinetic energy.
- This means they move faster so collide (and bind) with enzymes more often.
- This speeds up the rate of reaction.
*However, past the optimum temperature, the rate decreases (gets slower).
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
When temperature is too high, the enzyme denatures
- When temperature is too high, the enzyme denatures meaning the bonds holding the enzyme break.
- so the active site changes shapes and the substrates no longer fits.
- meaning the reaction wont take place
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
Affects of pH
· The optimum pH for most enzymes are 7 but some that are produced in acidic conditions such as stomach have a lower optimum pH (pH 2) and some that are produced in alkaline condition, such as the duodenum, have a higher optimum pH (Ph 8 or 9)
- and the pH is too high or low, the bonds that hold the amino acid chain together break.
Optimum temperature
the best => 36-37’c (if in your body)
what is enzymes function
help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. (the goods ones)
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
tell me an leaf adaption if it’s thin
There is a short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf
tell me an leaf adaption if it’s green
Chlorophyll traps light energy needed for photosynthesis
tell me an leaf adaption if it’s waxy cuticle
Protects leaf and is transparent to let light through
tell me an leaf adaption if it’s large surface area
Allows the maximum amount of light to be absorbed
tell me an leaf adaption if it’s transparent
Allows light through
cell definition
It is the smallest unit that can live on its own which can make all living organisms and tissues
tissue definition
A group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function
organ definition
Made up of groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular a particular function
organ system definition
Made from a group of organs with related
what is Hypertonic ?
means the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell.
Where does gases exchange happen ?
the Alveoli in the lungs
what is Hypotonic ?
means the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
Partially meaning ?
Partially means the membrane will only let certain things in pass through it
what is osmosis
It is the movement of water from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane
what can you see in a electron microscope that you cant see in a light microscope ?
atom, lipids, flu virus
what are the main organs in this organ system: Excretory
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
what are the main organs in this organ system: Respiratory
Airways, lungs, nasal cavity, diaphragm nostrils, nasal chamber, epiglottis, trachea
what are the main organs in this organ system: Circulatory
Heart, veins, capillaries and arteries
what are the main organs in this organ system: Digestive
mouth, exophages, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine and anus
what are the main organs in this organ system: nervous
Brain and spinal cord
what are the main function for this organ system: Excretory
Remove waste from body => removes toxic substances
what are the main function for this organ system: Respiratory
Help you breathe
what are the main function for this organ system: Circulatory
Distributes substances around your body – oxygen, glucose,
what are the main function for this organ system:
Digestive
breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins
what are the main function for this organ system: nervous
transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs
what is the function and role of the Epithelial tissue in the stomach
muscle
Churns food
what is the function and role of the Glandular tissue in the stomach
what is the function and role of the muscular tissue in the stomach
what can stents do ?
Stents can be used to keep the coronary arteries open
what are Monomer
they are subunit that make the polymer
what are polymer
polymer = a chain of subunit bonded together = chain of units
Why are proteases, carbohydrase and lipases added to the food that leaves the stomach
-to complete digestion of food to small soluble substance
Why does bile need to neutralise the stomach acid ?
-Enzymes in the duodenum works optimally at a neutral ph.
-they would be denatured at low ph.
What is breaking up the fat into smaller droplet called
Emulsification: it creates a larger surface are for the lipase to access
What does amylase do?
Breaks down starch into maltose =>and maltose gets broken down to glucose.
what is Intestinal juice made by and what does it contain
Intestinal juice made by glands in the wall of the small intestine
Contains proteases, carbohydrase
where is Digested food is absorbed into
Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestines
where does the Arteries take the blood
always moves blood away the heart
where does the veins take the blood
takes blood into the heart.
Capillaries
where things get exchange (where things enter and leave the heart)
which is first and which is second ?
Oxygenated blood
Deoxidated blood
Deoxidated blood
Oxygenated blood
what’s the flow diagram to show how blood circulates in the body
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left ventricle
aorta
rest of the body
(vena cava)
left ventricle
Describe one role of the natural peacemaker in simulating the contractions of the heart [4 marker]
It allows the heart oxygen to enter
It is a group of specialized cell found in your right atrium
Generates electrical impulses which causes a wave of contractions
Contractions spread across the heart
Suggest how this ensures the heart is an efficient pump
[2 marker]
Allows all the blood to empty from the atria into the ventricles
Contracting from the bottom of the bottom of the ventricle pushes blood up and out of the heart.
Suggest how the natural pacemaker might control the heart rate (speed) [2 marker]
Increasing and decreasing frequency (how often) of electrical signals
Increasing or decreasing heart rate
which type of blood vessels contain valves
veins and aorta
what organelle is the site of protein synthesis
what organelle is the site of chloroplast
chloroplast
what organelle is the site of
cytoplasm
