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Supernatural Folklore > Bio 120 Final > Flashcards

Bio 120 Final Flashcards

1
Q

3 domains of life on a phylogenetic tree

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Eucarya
  3. Archaea
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2
Q

defining features of living organisms

A

-cells
-replication
-information
-energy
-evolution

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3
Q

laws, theories, and hypotheses compare to each other?

A

Law: explains how something works
Theory: an explanation that is supported by wide body of evidence
Hypotheses: proposed and testable explanation

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4
Q

elements of a scientific experiment that allow us to test
hypotheses

A

-a normal group
-experimental conditions
-test was repeated

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5
Q

relationship between atomic numbers and mass numbers
for an element

A

Atomic #: number of protons in the atom
Mass #: number of protons and neutrons

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6
Q

meant by the average mass number for an
element

A

the naturally occurring isotopes based on their abundance

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7
Q

covalent and ionic bonds compare

A

Covalent: unpaired electrons are shared by 2 atoms
Ionic: attraction between oppositely charged ions

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8
Q

polar vs. nonpolar

A

determined by the number of protons and the distance of the valence shell from the nucleus

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9
Q

kinds of interactions can occur between 2 different molecules

A

hydrophobic interactions

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10
Q

monomer that comes together to make proteins

A

amino acids

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11
Q

different functional groups are found in this monomer

A

-amino fun. group
-carboxyl fun. group

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12
Q

part of this monomer confers its individuality compared to the
others

A

side chain

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13
Q

tell what chemistry it has (4 steps)

A

-side chain have a neg. charge
-side chain have a pos. charge
-side chain uncharged, oxygen atom?
-if answers are all no then…

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14
Q

call the bonds that form between the different monomers
of a protein

A

peptide bond

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15
Q

difference between a condensation reaction and a
hydrolysis reaction

A

Condensation: water is let out
Hydrolysis: water is let in

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16
Q

different forces contribute to the different structural hierarchies of
protein structure

A

hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bond

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17
Q

two types of nucleic acids we have in our cells

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
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18
Q

monomer that comes together to make nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

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19
Q

different functional groups are found in this monomer

A

phosphate group, carbon sugar and nitrogenous

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20
Q

bonds that form between the different
monomers of a protein

A

peptide bond

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21
Q

information was critical for Watson and Crick when they
published their structure of DNA

A

-that DNA was double stranded
-in a 5>3 order

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22
Q

differences between RNA and DNA

A

RAN has sugar(single strand), DNA does not have sugar(double strand)

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23
Q

molecule is most
likely the first “living” molecule and why

A

RNA: info. processing, replication, evolution

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24
Q

naming strategy for carbohydrate molecules

A

number of carbon atoms

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25
Q

difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide

A

Mon.: 1 sugar
disa: 2 sugars
Poly: many sugars

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26
Q

special about carbohydrates that makes them “energy
molecules”

A

how easily they can be broken down in the body for sugar

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27
Q

common polysaccharides we learned and what are their
functions

A

starch(energy store in plants), cellulose(structural support in plant walls) and glycogen(energy store for animals)

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28
Q

main forms of lipids found in cells

A

steroids, fats, phospholipids

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29
Q

special about the major lipid found in cell membranes

A

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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30
Q

plasma membrane organized

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbohy., cholesterol, glycolipids

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31
Q

passive vs. active transport

A

Passive: move with the gradient(low>high)
Active: move against their gradient( high>low)

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32
Q

selective permeability mean and what factors can influence
membrane permeability

A

-Allows certain molecules to pass blocking others
-size, polarity, charge

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33
Q

hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic mean and what
happens to cells if placed into each one

A

Hyper: concentration is higher outside the cell. water will move out of the cell. cell will shrink
Hypo: concentr. lower outside. water will move into cell. cell will expand
Isotonic: concentr. is equal. no water movement. cell size remain same

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34
Q

major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells

A

Prokaryotic: smaller, chromosomes are in nucleoid region, fewer distinct organelles
Eukaryotic: larger, chromsomes in nucleus, larger # of organelles

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35
Q

specialized functions of each organelle in eukaryotic
cells

A

Nucleus: Stores genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Mitochondria: Generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration, often called the “powerhouse of the cell”.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Synthesizes proteins, particularly those destined for secretion, due to the presence of ribosomes on its surface.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances, and stores calcium ions.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids received from the ER.
Lysosomes: Breaks down waste materials and cellular debris using digestive enzymes.
Peroxisomes: Breaks down fatty acids and certain toxins, producing hydrogen peroxide which is then neutralized within the organelle.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into amino acid chains.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, helps with cell movement, and anchors organelles within the cell.
Centrioles: Involved in cell division by organizing microtubules during mitosis.
Chloroplasts (Plant cells only): Capture light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

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36
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

bacteria was engulfed and mutually beneficial relationship evolved

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37
Q

cells can target proteins to different areas such as the
nucleus or destinations after processing in the endomembrane
system

A

sorting signals with the proteins amnio acid sequence, helps guide them through the endomembrane

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38
Q

major cytoskeletal components and what are their
composition and functions

A

Actin filaments(microfilaments): cytokinesis(animals), cytoplasmic(plants)
Intermediate filaments: break up and re due the nuclear envelope
Microtubules: Vesicle transport

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39
Q

major components of plant and animal extracellular
matrices

A

Plant: cable like microfibrils, long strands of cellulose, crisscrossed, moist
Animals: cable like, flexible, attracts water and forms a gel

40
Q

cells in different animal and plant tissue be connected
together and/or communicate

A

intercellular junctions

41
Q

the cell respond to lipid soluble vs. insoluble hormones for
long distance cell communication

A

Lipid: intracellular receptors inside the cell
Insoluble: receptors on the cell membrane(signal transduction)

42
Q

major ways that signal transduction can happen

A

G-protein and Enzyme linked receptors

43
Q

terms H, S, and G refer

A

H: Enthalpy: energy in a molecule
S: Entropy: amount of disorder
G: Gibbs: reaction is spontaneous or needs energy

44
Q

enzyme interacts with a substrate

A

binds at the active site

45
Q

uncatalyzed and an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction

A

Uncatalyzed: occurs without help, goes at slower rate
Enzyme-Catalyzed: speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy required to reach site

46
Q

ways that enzyme reactions can be regulated

A

-Cofactors: inorganic ions
-Coenzymes: organic molecules
-Prosthetic groups: non amino acid atoms

47
Q

makes ATP so special

A

power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule

48
Q

steps of each pathway occurring during cellular
respiration

A

1.Glycolysis—A six-carbon glucose
is broken down into two three-
carbon pyruvate
2. Pyruvate processing—Each
pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl
CoA
3. Citric acid cycle—Each acetyl CoA
is oxidized to CO2
4. Electron transport and oxidative
phosphorylation—Electrons
move through a transport chain
and their energy is used to set up
a proton gradient, which is used
to make ATP

49
Q

difference between substrate-level and oxidative (or
chemiosmotic) phosphorylation

A

source of energy used to produce ATP

50
Q

purpose of fermentation

A

is a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from
NADH

51
Q

2 kind of fermentation and what they do

A

Lactic acid: glycolysis accepts electrons from NADH, lactate and NAD+ are produced
Alcohol: converted to acetaldehyde and CO2, acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH

52
Q

Light-dependent and Light-independent reactions

A

LD: produce O2, water is spilt, electrons get excited by light energy
LI: produce sugar
related because both start with CO2

53
Q

plant pigments help with photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll, are crucial for photosynthesis as they absorb light energy from the sun

54
Q

two complexes are used in the light reactions and what are
their main contributions to the total reaction

A

Photosystem 1: accepts electrons from the electron transport chain and uses them to make NADPH by transferring them to NADP+
Photosystem 2: absorb light energy and spilt water mole. to release e, proton and oxygen

55
Q

three main steps of the Calvin Cycle

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration
56
Q

purpose of Rubisco

A

converts C02 to carbon

57
Q

photosynthesis be regulated

A

-Light triggers production of photo. proteins and activates rubisco
-High sugar production of photo. proteins and stimulates prod. of proteins that process and store sugar
-Low CO2 inhibits rubisco: Carbon
fixation is favored over
photorespiration when
concentrations of CO2 are higher
than O2
-Stomata= gas exchange
-oxygen and CO2 pass through stomata
-2 guard cells change shape to open/close pore

58
Q

four phases of the cell cycle

A

M phase, G1, S(interphase), G2

59
Q

DNA M Phase

A

actively being separated into two identical sets to be distributed to the daughter cells through the process of mitosis

60
Q

DNA G1 Phase

A

the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and protein that are required for DNA synthesis

61
Q

DNA S Phase

A

a doubled amount of DNA compared to the beginning of the phase

62
Q

DNA G2 Phase

A

each chromosome contains two identical DNA molecule

63
Q

each phase of mitosis

A

prophase: separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
prometaphase: a stage of cell division in which the nuclear membrane breaks down and chromosomes attach to the spindle, preparing for the separation of genetic material into two daughter cells
metaphase: chromosomes align in the center of a dividing cell
anaphase: pulled apart by spindle fibers, moving towards opposite poles of the cell, ensuring each new daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes
telophase: separated chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes,

64
Q

main areas of cell cycle control

A

G1, G2 and M checkpint

65
Q

some areas of control that can be lost that
drive cancer progression

A

G1 checkpoint

66
Q

main difference between meiosis I and
meiosis II

A

Meiosis 1:homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the chromosome number by half
Meiosis 2:sister chromatids separate, maintaining the haploid chromosome number

67
Q

ways that meiosis generates genetic diversity

A

independent assortment of gametes and genetic recombination via crossing over

68
Q

describe sister chromatids, homologous
chromosomes, and ploidy

A

SC: duplicate chromosomes
HC: Chromosome from each parent
P: # of sets of chromosomes

69
Q

karyotype and how would describe that of
humans

A

a visual representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes: contains 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes

70
Q

advantages and disadvantages to sexual
reproduction when compared to asexual

A

it creates genetic diversity within a population, allowing for better adaptation to changing environments, while the primary disadvantage is that it requires finding a mate and takes longer to produce offspring, making population growth slower

71
Q

phenotypes and genotypes compare

A

P: physical expression
G: genetic code

72
Q

gene vs. an allele

A

G:section of DNA that codes for a specific trait
A:variant form of that gene

73
Q

homozygous and heterozygous

A

Homo: inherit the same version of the gene from each parent, so you have two matching genes
Heter: inherit a different version of a gene from each parent

74
Q

which alleles are dominant and recessive

A

D: Only 1 copy is present
R: Both copies are present

75
Q

Mendel’s monohybrid cross

A

3:1

76
Q

dihybrid
crosses

A

9:3:3:1

77
Q

phases of meiosis explain Mendel’s two genetic rules

A

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1 and Anaphase 1

78
Q

use pedigrees to infer heredity in humans

A

visual chart used in human genetics to trace the inheritance pattern of a specific trait within a family

79
Q

researchers discover that DNA was the genetic
material

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

80
Q

DNA be a template for its own replication

A

each strand of the DNA double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, essentially allowing the DNA molecule to copy itself during cell division

81
Q

semiconservative DNA replication

A

DNA is duplicated in all known cells, resulting in two new double-stranded DNA molecules

82
Q

enzyme is used to add new DNA bases to the growing
strand

A

DNA Polymerase: reads the sequence of an existing DNA strand and adds complementary nucleotides to build a new strand

83
Q

replication of the leading strand differ from that of
the lagging strand

A

Lead: synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork
Lag: synthesized discontinuously in small fragments called Okazaki fragments, moving opposite to the replication fork direction

84
Q

main parts of the replisome

A

DNA helicase: unwind DNA
DNA polymerase: synthesize new DNA
PCNA: hold polymerase on DNA
RCF: load sliding clamp
SSB: stabilize single strand DNA
DNA ligase: join fragments on lag strand

85
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

genetic information flows in one direction only, from DNA to RNA to protein

86
Q

enzyme complex is responsible for transcription

A

RNA Polymerase

87
Q

enzyme complex is responsible for translation

A

Peptidyltransferase

88
Q

the DNA bases lead to the formation of proteins

A

by dictating the sequence of amino acids in a protein through a process called “transcription” and “translation

89
Q

Redundant

A

All but two amino acids
are encoded by more than one
codon

90
Q

Unambiguous

A

One codon never
codes for more than one amino acid

91
Q

Non-overlapping

A

Codons are read
one at a time

92
Q

Universal

A

All codons specify
the same amino acids in all
organisms (with a few minor
exceptions)

93
Q

Conservative

A

If several codons
specify the same amino acid, the
first two bases are usually identical

94
Q

mutations lead to different proteins being made

A

by altering the DNA sequence of a gene, which in turn changes the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein, ultimately affecting its structure and function

95
Q

kinds would have the most impact on phenotypes

A

Genes, specifically mutations within genes

Supernatural Folklore (7 decks)

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