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Bio 110 > Bio 110 Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Bio 110 Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells are the simplest collection of

A

matter that can live.

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2
Q

cells were first observed by

A

Robert Hooke in 1665 in cork.

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3
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

worked with more refined lenses and later described blood, sperm, and organisms in pond water.

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4
Q

The cell theory states

A

all living things are composed of cells, and all cells come from other cells.

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5
Q

Cell size must be large enough to

A

house DNA, proteins and structures needed to survive, but small enough to allow for a surface to volume ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment.

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6
Q

light microscope (LM)

A

most commonly used

light passes through a specimen, then through glass lenses, and then to the viewer’s eye.

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7
Q

With a light microscope specimens can be magnified up to

A

1,000 times the actual size of the specimen.

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8
Q

magnification

A

to increase the apparent size of an object

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9
Q

resolution

A

a measure of the clarity of an image. (the ability to show 2 close objects as separate)

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10
Q

since the human eye and the microscope have limits on resolution (the ability to distinguish between small objects),

A

light microscopes cannot provide the details of a small cell’s structure.

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11
Q

using light microscopes, scientists studied

A

microorganisms, animal and plant cells, and some structures within the cells.

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12
Q

In the 1950’s scientists started using a powerful microscope to view the ultrastructure of cells called the

A

Electron microscope (EM)

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13
Q

Electron microscopes can

A

resolve biological structures as small as 2nm

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14
Q

with an EM specimens can be magnified up to

A

100,000 times.`

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15
Q

most cells are between

A

1 and 100 micrometers (um) in diameter.

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16
Q

LMs can’t resolve detail finer than

A

about 0.2 micrometers (um)

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17
Q

Instead of light EM uses

A

a beam of electrons.

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18
Q

the EM has a

A

100-fold improvement over the light microscope in resolution.

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19
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) study

A

the detailed architecture of cell surfaces.

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20
Q

Using SEM the sample is

A

coated in gold and an electron beam excites surface electrons, and these electrons are detected by a device that translates their pattern to a video screen.

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21
Q

Transmission Electron microscopes (TEM) study

A

the details of internal cell structure.

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22
Q

The TEM aims

A

electron beam through a thin section of the specimen with is stained with heavy metal atoms, binding more in some places than others.

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23
Q

TEM lenses are

A

electromagnets.

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24
Q

Electron microscopes can’t be used to study

A

living specimens, because the ways to prepare the samples kill the cells.

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25
Q

Differential interference light microscopes

A

amplify differences in density so that structure of living cells appear almost 3D

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26
Q

fluorescent microscopy

A

a type of light microscopy.

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27
Q

Bacteria and archaea are

A

prokaryotic cells

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28
Q

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common

A 
a plasma membrane
one of more chromosomes
ribosomes
DNA
cytoplasm
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29
Q

Chromosomes carry

A

genes made of DNA

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30
Q

Ribosomes make

A

proteins according to gene instructions

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31
Q

all the material inside the plasma membrane and outside the DNA containing region

A

cytoplasm

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32
Q

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm is made of

A

water, salts, and organic molecules

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33
Q

Eukaryotic cells have (prokaryotic cells don’t)

A

membrane-bound nucleus

number of other organelles

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34
Q

Prokaryotic cells have (eukaryotic cells don’t)

A 
nucleoid
no true organelles
smaller and slightly different ribosomes
cell wall and plasma membrane
capsule/slime layer
pili/fimbriae (some)
flagella
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35
Q

the cell wall and plasma membrane maintain

A

call shape and protection

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36
Q

capsule

A

sticky outer coat around the cell wall of some prokaryotic cells, helping to glue it to surfaces.

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37
Q

flagella

A

propel prokaryotic cells though its liquid environment.

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38
Q

organelles

A

little organs, perform specific functions of the cell. Each organelle is bounded by a membrane with a lipid and protein composition that suits its function.

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39
Q

four basic functions of organelles and structures in a cell:

A

NUCLEUS and ribosomes are involved in genetic control of the the cell
ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles and peroxisomes manufacture distribute and breakdown molecules
MITOCHONDRIA in all cells and chloroplasts in plants cells are involved in energy processing.
CYTOSKELETON plasma membrane and cell wall function as structural support, movement and communication between cells.

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40
Q

The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells

A

partition it into compartments.

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41
Q

cellular metabolism

A

occurs withing organelles

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42
Q

Present in animal cells, but not in plant cells are:

A

lysosomes and centrioles

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43
Q

present in plant cells but not in animal cells

A

cell wall (cellulose)
chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
central vacuole
plasmodesma (plasmodesmata)

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44
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and it’s surroundings

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45
Q

phospholipids form a 2 layer sheet

A

called the phospholipid bilayer.

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46
Q

membrane proteins are either

A

attached to the membrane surface or embedded into the phospholipid bilayer.

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47
Q

phospholipid bilayer is the main component of

A

cell membranes

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48
Q

some proteins form channels or tunnels that

A

shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane.

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49
Q

some proteins serve as

A

pumps, using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell.

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50
Q

membranes are composed of:

A

a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded and attached proteins in a structure called a fluid mosaic.

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51
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjacent cells

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52
Q

central vacuole

A

a compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals.

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53
Q

The nucleus

A

contains most of the cell’s DNA and controls the cells activities by directing protein synthesis by making mRNA.

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54
Q

DNA is associated with many proteins in structures called

A

chromosomes

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55
Q

Proteins help

A

organize and coil the DNA to fit into the nucleus

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56
Q

DNA + proteins in non-dividing cell

A

is chromatin

57
Q

upon division DNA + protein

A

thicken and form “tubes” known as chromosomes

58
Q

the nuclear envelope is a

A

double membrane of separate phospholipid bilayers that encloses the nucleus

59
Q

the nuclear envelope has

A

pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus

60
Q

the nuclear envelope is attached to a network of

A

cellular membranes called the ER.

61
Q

the nucleolus is

A

a prominent structure in the nucleus and the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis, and directs protein synthesis by making mRNA.

62
Q

rRNA is synthesized according to

A

instructions in the DNA. assembled with proteins to from ribosome subunits, then exit into cytoplasm where they join to form functional ribosomes.

63
Q

Ribosomes are involved in

A

the cell’s protein synthesis

64
Q

cells that must synthesize large amounts of proteins have

A

a large number of ribosomes

65
Q

2 locations of ribosomes

A

free ribosomes while others are bound

66
Q

free ribosomes are

A

suspended in cytoplasm and involved in making proteins that function within the cytoplasm.

67
Q

bound ribosomes are

A

attached to the ER and associated with proteins packed in certain organelles or exported from the cell

68
Q

free and bound ribosomes are

A

structurally identical and can alternate places.

69
Q

the endomembrane system is

A

unique to eukaryotic cells

70
Q

some of the membranes in the endomembrane system are

A

physically connected and some are related by the transfer of membrane segments by tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrane)

71
Q

the endomembrane system includes

A

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane (indirectly)

72
Q

many organelles in the endomembrane system work together in

A

the synthesis, distribution, storage and export of molecules

73
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks attached ribosomes

74
Q

Rough ER

A

has ribosomes attached and lines the outer surface of membranes

75
Q

Although Smooth ER and rough ER are physically interconnected,

A

they differ in structure and function

76
Q

Smooth ER is involved in

A

a variety of diverse metabolic processes

  • produces enzymes important to the synthesis of lipids oils, phospholipids, and steroids
  • enzymes in the smooth ER help process harmful substances
  • stores calcium ions for muscle contraction
77
Q

rough ER makes

A

more membrane for itself, then creates vesicles and transfers portions of itself
produce proteins that will be inserted into the growing ER membrane, transported to other organelles or secreted by the cell.

78
Q

Discovered the golgi apparatus

A

Camillo Golgi

79
Q

the golgi apparatus serves as a

A

molecular warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER

80
Q

The golgi apparatus isn’t

A

connected to the ER

81
Q

the number of stacks of a golgi

A

correlates with how active the cell is in protein secretion.

82
Q

products travel in transport vesicles from the

A

ER to the golgi apparatus

83
Q

one side of the golgi functions as a

A

receiving dock and the other as the shipping dock.

84
Q

products are modified as they go from one side

A

of the golgi to the other

85
Q

a membranous sac containing digestive enzymes

A

lysosome

86
Q

the enzymes and membranes of lysosomes are made by

A

rough ER and processed in the golgi apparatus

87
Q

the membrane of a lysosome serves

A

to safely isolate potent enzymes from the rest of the cell

88
Q

lysosomes help digest food particles engulfed by a cell in that

A

a food vacuole binds with a lysosome
the enzymes in the lysosome digest the food
the nutrients are then released into the cell

89
Q

lysosomes help remove or recycle damaged parts of a cell by

A

the damaged organelle is first enclosed in a membrane vesicle
then a lysosome fuses with the vesicle
dismantles it’s contents
and breaks down the damaged organelle.

90
Q

large vesicles that have a variety of functions

A

vacuoles

91
Q

some protists have contractile vacuoles that help

A

to eliminate water from protists

92
Q

in plants, vacuoles may

A

have digestive functions
contain pigments
contain poison that protect the plant.

93
Q

peroxisomes

A

metabolic compartments that do not originate form the endomembrane system. Some break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful compounds.

94
Q

organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

95
Q

cellular respiration converts the chemical energy in foods to

A

chemical energy in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

96
Q

ATP

A

main E source for cellular work

97
Q

two internal compartments of mitochondria

A 
intermembrane space (narrow region between the inner & outer membranes)
mitochondrial matrix (enclosed by inner membrane)
98
Q

cristae

A

increase surface area.

99
Q

the mitochondrial matrix includes

A

cristae,
embedded proteins (that function in ATP synthesis)
mitochondrial DNA
Ribosomes
enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration.

100
Q

photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes

A

chloroplasts

101
Q

the conversion of light energy from the sun to chemical energy of sugar molecules.

A

photosynthesis.

102
Q

chloroplasts have an

A

inner and outer membrane, between which is an intermembrane space

103
Q

inside the inner membrane of a chloroplast is

A

stroma
thylakoids
granum

104
Q

stroma is

A

thick fluid that contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

105
Q

thylakoids

A

interconnected sacs in a chloroplast

106
Q

granum

A

a stack of thylakoids, where chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy

107
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts have

A

DNA and ribosomes

108
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes and they began living within larger cells.

109
Q

cells contain a network of protein fibers which function in structural support and motility called

A

cytoskeleton

110
Q

motility and cellular regulation result when the

A

cytoskeleton interacts with proteins called motor proteins

111
Q

3 kinds of fibers in the cytoskeleton

A

microfiliments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

112
Q

microfilaments

A

actin filaments that support the cell’s shape and are involved in motility; thinnest filaments;arranged in twisted double chain
myosin and muscle contraction or amoeboid movement

113
Q

intermediate filaments

A

reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles; various fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables.
more permanent cell fixtures

114
Q

microtubules

A

made of tublin, give the cell rigidity and act as tracks for organelle movement; thickest filaments; straight hollow tubes shape and support the cell
In Cilia and flagella

115
Q

important in locomotion in some protists

A

flagella and cilia

116
Q

multicellular organisms have flagella and cilia in

A

cells that sweep mucus out of lungs, or sperm

117
Q

flagellum

A

longer that cilia, propels a cell by a whiplike motion.

118
Q

cilia

A

work like oars of a crew boat

119
Q

flagella and cilia have a common

A

structure and mechanism of movement

120
Q

both flagella and cilia are made of

A

microtubules wrapped in and extension of the plasma membrane

121
Q

9 + 2 pattern

A

a ring of 9 microtubule doublets surrounds a central pair of microtubules

122
Q

a basal body

A

anchors the 9 + 2 pattern; nine microtubule triplets arranged in a ring

123
Q

cilia and flagella move by

A

bending motor proteins called dynein feet

124
Q

dynein proteins are

A

attached to an adjacent doublet and exert a sliding force attaching and reattaching (walking) causing microtubules to bend

125
Q

in developed countries over the last 50 years,

A

sperm quality has declined

126
Q

causes of sperm decline may be

A

environmental chemicals or genetic disorders that interfere with the movement of sperm

127
Q

PCD

A

primary cilary dyskinesia; a rare disease that causes recurrent infections of the respiratory tract and immobile sperm

128
Q

Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

129
Q

ECM (function)

A

helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane.

130
Q

The ECM may attach to a cell through

A

glycoproteins that then bind to integrins

131
Q

integrins

A

membrane proteins that span the plasma membrane and connect to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

132
Q

most abundant glycoprotein is

A

collagen

133
Q

3 types of cell junctions found in animal tissues

A

tight junctions
anchoring junctions (desmosomes)
gap junctions

134
Q

through specialized junctions between adjacent cells, cells can

A

communicate, interact, and adhere.

135
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

136
Q

anchoring junctions

A

fasten cells together in sheets. (heart muscle and skin)

137
Q

gap junctions

A

channels that allow molecules to flow between cells. (communication junctions)

138
Q

cell wall

A

only in plants; protects and provides skeletal support, keeps plant upright against gravity; composed primarily of cellulose

Bio 110 (3 decks)

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