Bio 110 Chapter 3 (3.8-3.16)

Question 1

lipids are

Answer 1

water insoluble
hydrophobic
contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide

Question 2

lipids are important in

Answer 2

long-term energy storage

Question 3

lipids consist mainly of

Answer 3

carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds.

Question 4

lipids differ from carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids because

Answer 4

they are not macromolecules, not built from similar monomers.

Question 5

lipids vary a great deal in

Answer 5

structure and function

Question 6

3 types of lipids

Answer 6

fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Question 7

a large lipid made from glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Answer 7

fat

Question 8

glycerol is

Answer 8

an alcohol with 3 carbons that each have an -OH

Question 9

a fatty acid is

Answer 9

a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length.

Question 10

synonym for fat

Answer 10

triglyceride

Question 11

a fatty acid can link to a glycerol by a

Answer 11

dehydration reaction

Question 12

fatty acids containing one or more double bonds are

Answer 12

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 13

double bonds in fatty acids cause

Answer 13

kinks or bends in the chain
prevent them from packing together tightly and solidifying at room temperature.
fewer hydrogen atoms because of the double bond.

Question 14

fats with the max number of hydrogens are called

Answer 14

saturated fatty acids

Question 15

unsaturated fats include

Answer 15

corn and olive oils

Question 16

unsaturated fats include

Answer 16

most animal fats

Question 17

hydrogenated vegetable oils are unsaturated fats that have been

Answer 17

converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen (margarine)

Question 18

hydrogenation creates

Answer 18

trans fats associated with health risks.

Question 19

phospholipids are

Answer 19

structurally similar to fats and the major component of all cell membranes.

Question 20

phospholipids are structurally similar to fats in that:

Answer 20

phospholipids contain 2 fatty acids instead of 3 attached to glycerol, but a phosphate group is attached to glycerol’s 3rd carbon.

Question 21

hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of multiple molecules assemble in a

Answer 21

bilayer of phospholipids to form a membrane.

Question 22

The phospholipid bilayer is formed by

Answer 22

the hydrophobic tails of the fatty acids clustering in the center and the hydrophilic phosphate heads facing the watery environment on either side of the membrane.

Question 23

lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings

Answer 23

steroids

Question 24

a common component in animal cell membranes and starting material for making other steroids, including sex hormones

Answer 24

cholesterol.

Question 25

too much cholesterol can contribute to

Answer 25

atherosclerosis

Question 26

anabolic steroids

Answer 26

synthetic variants of testosterone can cause a buildup of muscle and bone mass often prescribed to treat anemia and diseases that destroy body muscle.

Question 27

abuse of anabolic steroids include

Answer 27

mood swings, depression, liver damage, cancer, high cholesterol and HBP.

Question 28

proteins are

Answer 28

involved in nearly every dynamic function in your body and are very diverse

Question 29

a protein is

Answer 29

composed of differing arrangements of a common set of 20 amino acid monomers, and is a polymer of amino acids.

Question 30

amino acids have

Answer 30

an amino group and a carboxyl group (which makes it an acid.)

Question 31

bonded to the alpha carbon in an amino acid is:

Answer 31

an amino group a carboxyl group a hydrogen atom and R group

Question 32

an R group is

Answer 32

the side chain,differs with each amino acid and determines the specific properties of each of the 20 amino acids found in proteins.

Question 33

amino acids are classified as

Answer 33

hydrophobic (nonpolar) | hydrophilic (polar)

Question 34

amino acid monomers are linked together to form

Answer 34

polymers by dehydration reactions.

Question 35

the dehydration reaction in amino acids

Answer 35

joins the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next with a peptide bond.

Question 36

peptide bond

Answer 36

covalent bond between amino acids

Question 37

a chain of 3 or more amino acids is called a

Answer 37

polypeptide.

Question 38

most polypeptides are at least

Answer 38

100 amino acids in length; some are 1000 or more.

Question 39

functioning proteins are

Answer 39

1 or more polypeptide chains coiled, twisted and folded into a 3D shape.

Question 40

A polypeptide is not the same as a

Answer 40

protein.

Question 41

probably the most important role for proteins is as

Answer 41

enzymes

Question 42

Enzymes serve as

Answer 42

metabolic catalysts, and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change itself, regulate chemical reactions within cells

Question 43

provide associations between body parts

Answer 43

structural proteins

Question 44

found within muscles

Answer 44

contractile proteins (movement)

Question 45

include antibodies of the immune system

Answer 45

defensive proteins

Question 46

coordinate body activities through cell communication

Answer 46

signal proteins (hormones and other chemical messengers)

Question 47

transmit signals into cells, may be built into cell membranes

Answer 47

receptor proteins

Question 48

proteins that carry oxygen

Answer 48

transport proteins (hemoglobin)

Question 49

serve as a source of amino acids for developing embryos

Answer 49

storage proteins

Question 50

determines the protein's specific function

Answer 50

the shape of the protein like a lock and key

Question 51

if a protein's shape is altered, it

Answer 51

can no longer function.

Question 52

the process where a polypeptide chain unravels or loses it's shape and therefore function is

Answer 52

denaturation

Question 53

can cause denaturation of proteins:

Answer 53

change in salt concentration, pH or high heat.

Question 54

4 levels of structure in a protein

Answer 54

primary secondary tertiary quaternary

Question 55

the primary structure is

Answer 55

its unique sequence of amino acids

Question 56

the unique sequence of amino acids is determined by

Answer 56

the cell's genetic information (genes)

Question 57

slightest change in amino acids in a protein can result in

Answer 57

changes in the protein's ability to function

Question 58

sickle cell results from

Answer 58

change to hemoglobin's primary structure

Question 59

secondary structure results from

Answer 59

coiling or folding of the polypeptide.

Question 60

coiling of a protein results in

Answer 60

an alpha helix

Question 61

folding of a protein results in a

Answer 61

beta pleated sheet (in spider webs)

Question 62

coiling and folding are maintained by

Answer 62

regularly spaced hydrogen bonds between H atoms and O atoms along the backbone of the polypeptide chain, giving strength.

Question 63

beta pleated sheets make

Answer 63

the core of globular and fibrous proteins

Question 64

proteins can have various combos of

Answer 64

alpha helix and beta pleated sheets.

Question 65

tertiary structure is

Answer 65

the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide.

Question 66

tertiary structure results from

Answer 66

interactions between R groups

Question 67

disulfide bridges (covalent bonds) may further

Answer 67

strengthen the protein's shape.

Question 68

quaternary structure

Answer 68

when 2 or more polypeptide chains (subunits) associate.

Question 69

when proteins fold incorrectly

Answer 69

disease can result.

Question 70

collagen has 3 helices giving

Answer 70

strength.

Question 71

collagen makes up

Answer 71

40% of protein in the human body.

Question 72

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by

Answer 72

a discrete unit of inheritance known as a gene

Question 73

Genes consist of

Answer 73

DNA-a type of nucleic acid

Question 74

DNA provides

Answer 74

directions for its own replication and genetics are passed on to each daughter cell.

Question 75

DNA programs a cell's activities by

Answer 75

directing the synthesis of proteins.

Question 76

DNA does not

Answer 76

build proteins directly

Question 77

RNA

Answer 77

transcribes DNA, and is translated into proteins.

Question 78

functions of proteins

Answer 78

``` structure movement storage defense transport hormones receptors enzymes ```

Question 79

RNA is translated in the

Answer 79

nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

Question 80

DNA and RNA are composed of

Answer 80

monomers called nucleotides

Question 81

nucleotides have

Answer 81

3 parts

Question 82

3 parts of a nucleotide

Answer 82

a 5 carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA) a phosphate group a nitrogenous base

Question 83

DNA nitrogenous bases are

Answer 83

adenine thymine cytosine guanine

Question 84

RNA has

Answer 84

uracil instead of thymine

Question 85

a nucleic acid polymer is

Answer 85

a polynucleotide

Question 86

a polynucleotide forms

Answer 86

from nucleotide monomers when the phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar of the next by dehydration reactions, resulting in a repeating sugar-phosphate backbone with protruding nitrogenous bases.

Question 87

2 polynucleotide strands wrap around each other to

Answer 87

form a DNA double helix

Question 88

Base pairs

Answer 88

A and T C and G

Question 89

most people stop producing

Answer 89

lactase early in childhood, and can't digest the milk sugar in lactose.

Question 90

researchers identified 3 mutations that

Answer 90

keep the lactase gene permanently turned on.

Question 91

Lactase gene mutations appear to have occurred

Answer 91

7,000 years ago at the same time domestication of cattle appeared in regions where dairy was available year round.