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Bio 110 > Bio 110 Chapter 3 (3.1-3.7) > Flashcards

Bio 110 Chapter 3 (3.1-3.7) Flashcards

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1
Q

enzyme that speeds up the digestion of lactose into smaller sugars that can be absorbed by cells in the intestine

A

lactase

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2
Q

most of the world’s population can’t digest lactose because they lack

A

lactase

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3
Q

Almost all the molecules a cell makes are composed of _______ bonded to ________ or to atoms of __________ _________.

A

carbon; another carbon; other elements.

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4
Q

Carbon-based molecules are called

A

organic compounds.

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5
Q

By sharing electrons, carbon can

A

covalently bond to 4 other atoms and branch in up to 4 directions.

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6
Q

One of the simplest organic compounds

A

Methane (CH4)

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7
Q

compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen are called

A

hydrocarbons.

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8
Q

each of the four lines in the formula for methand represents

A

a pair of shared electrons.

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9
Q

A molecule’s shape often determines it’s

A

function.

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10
Q

carbon, with attached hydrogens, can bond together in chains of

A

various lengths.

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11
Q

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is called a

A

carbon skeleton

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12
Q

Carbon skeletons can

A

vary in length and can branched or unbranched, can have double bonds, or be arranged in rings.

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13
Q

compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements are called

A

isomers. (butane and isobutane)

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14
Q

isomers can also result from different

A

spatial arrangement of the four partners bonded to a carbon atom.

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15
Q

The shapes of molecules result in unique

A

properties and diversity of the biological molecules.

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16
Q

An organic compound has unique properties that depend on

A

the size and shape of the molecule and the functional groups attached to it.

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17
Q

affects a biological molecule’s function in a characteristic way

A

functional group

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18
Q

functional groups are

A

polar

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19
Q

6 chemical groups that are important to the chemistry of life

A

5 Functional groups

methyl group

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20
Q

compounds containing functional groups are

A

hydrophilic and soluble in water

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21
Q

5 functional groups

A 
hydroxyl (-OH)
carbonyl (C=O)
carboxyl  (COOH) (O=C-OH) 
amino (NH2)
phosphate  (OPO3 2-)
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22
Q

methyl group

A

(CH3) a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens.

non polar and not reactive.

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23
Q

compounds with methyl groups are called

A

methylated compounds, and affects gene expression when bonded to DNA. (i.e. testosterone vs. estradiol)

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24
Q

hydroxyl group

A

consists of a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen atom

make up alcohols.

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25
Q

carbonyl group

A

a carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. Sugars contain a carbonyl and several hydroxyl groups.

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26
Q

carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain

A

aldehyde

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27
Q

carbonyl group within a carbon chain

A

ketone

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28
Q

carboxyl group

A

a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.

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29
Q

carboxyl groups act as an

A

acid, by contributing and H+ to a solution, thus becoming ionized.

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30
Q

Compounds with carboxyl groups are called

A

carboxylic acids.

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31
Q

amino group

A

composed of a nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton.

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32
Q

amino groups act as an

A

base, by picking up H+ ions.

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33
Q

Organic compounds with an amino group are called

A

amines.

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34
Q

The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids because

A

they contain an amino and a carboxyl group.

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35
Q

phosphate group

A

consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms. typically called organic phosphates

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36
Q

usually attached to the carbon chain by one of it’s oxygen atoms

A

phosphate group

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37
Q

phosphate groups are involved in

A

energy transfer (ATP)

38
Q

CH3

A

methyl group

39
Q

-OH

A

hydroxyl group

40
Q

C=O

A

carbonyl group

41
Q

OH-C=O or COOH (or O=C-O- when ionized)

A

carboxyl group

42
Q

NH2

A

amino group

43
Q

OPO3 2-

A

phosphate group

44
Q

an example of similar compounds that differ only in functional group is

A

sex hormones, resulting in distinguishable features of males in females.

45
Q

4 classes of molecules important to organisms

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

46
Q

macromolecues

A

carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids because they’re big molecules.

47
Q

small identical molecules joined together into chains

A

polymers

48
Q

the building blocks of polymers

A

monomers.

49
Q

monomers are linked together to form polymers through

A

dehydration reactions. (removal of a molecule of water)

50
Q

polymers are broken apart by

A

hydrolysis (the addition of water)

51
Q

most of the organic molecules in food are

A

in the form of polymers that are too large to enter the cell.

52
Q

both dehydration reactions and hydrolysis require

A

enzymes

53
Q

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in the cells

A

enzymes

54
Q

a cell makes a large number of polymers from a

A

small group of monomers

55
Q

proteins are made up of

A

20 different amino acids based on the arrangement of monomers

56
Q

DNA is built from just

A

4 kinds of nucleotides based on the arrangement of monomers.

57
Q

the monomers used to make polymers are

A

universal

58
Q

the small monomers are the same to all organisms, but variation

A

occurs when the larger molecules are formed.

59
Q

range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to large polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates

60
Q

carbohydrate monomers (single unit sugars) are

A

monosaccharides (honey, glucose and fructose)

61
Q

monosaccharides can be hooked together to form

A

more complex sugars and polysaccharides

62
Q

monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are

A

a multiple of CH2O

63
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose and fructose (isomers b/c carbonyl position varies)

64
Q

monosaccharides have

A

3 to 7 carbons

65
Q

5 carbon sugars

A

pentoses

66
Q

6 carbon sugars

A

hexoses

67
Q

in aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form

A

rings

68
Q

monosaccharides are

A

the main fuels for cellular work and used as raw material to manufacture other organic molecules.

69
Q

the ring diagram may be

A

abbrieviated by not showing the carbon atoms at the corners of the ring, and drawn with different thicknesses for the bonds, indicating that the ring is a relatively flat structure with attached atoms extending above and below it.

70
Q

2 monosaccharides can bond to form a

A

disaccharide

71
Q

the disaccharide sucrose is formed by

A

combining a glucose monomer and a fructose monomer.

72
Q

the disaccharide maltose (also called malt sugar) is formed from

A

2 glucose monomers.

73
Q

maltose is common in

A

germination seeds, is used to make beer, malted milk shakes and malted milk candy

74
Q

sucrose is

A

transported in plant sap, and we extract it from sugarcane (stems) and sugar beets (roots).

75
Q

a source of energy and raw material to all parts of a plant

A

sucrose

76
Q

sodas or fruit drinks probably contain

A

high fructose corn syrup

77
Q

fructose is

A

sweeter than glucose

78
Q

to make HFCS

A

glucose atoms are rearranged to make fructose (since it’s a isomer)

79
Q

HFCS is about

A

55% fructose and 45% glucose

80
Q

why use HFCS?

A

cheaper than sucrose and easier to mix

81
Q

between 1980 to 2000 the incidence of obesity

A

doubled in the US

82
Q

good health is promoted by

A

a diverse diet and exercise

83
Q

polysaccharides are

A

macromolecules and polymers composed of thousands of monosaccharides.

84
Q

polysaccharides may function as

A

storage molecules or structural compounds.

85
Q

3 common types of polysaccharides:

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

86
Q

starch is

A

a polysaccharide
composed of glucose monomers
used in plants for energy storage
assembled in a helical shape

87
Q

glycogen is

A

a polysaccharide
composed of glucose monomers
used by animals for energy storage
more branched than starch, but also helical
stored as granules in liver and muscle cells

88
Q

cellulose is

A

a polymer of glucose (monomers are linked together in a different orientation)
forms plant cell walls
arranged in threads that are conjoined by hydrogen bonds
not digested typically by animals
insoluble fiber

89
Q

chitin is

A

a polysaccharide
used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton
found in cell walls of fungi

90
Q

polysaccharides are usually

A

hydrophilic

91
Q

bath towels are made of cotton, which mostly

A

cellulose and therefore absorbent.

Bio 110 (3 decks)

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