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BIO 103- Final > BIO 103- Exam 3 > Flashcards

BIO 103- Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity connected

A

no organism lives alone, all organisms have ecological relationships with other organisms (direct or indirect), all organisms have ecological relationships with their environment, all organisms interact to form populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes

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2
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a specific region and interact with each other

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3
Q

community

A

populations of different species that live within a specific region and interact closely with each other

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

all living and non-living things in a region that interact with each other

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5
Q

how is energy passed from one feeding level to another?

A

sun (chemicals), autotrophs, herbivorous heterotrophs, carnivorous heterotrophs

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6
Q

what do producers need to survive?

A

source of energy (sunlight or chemicals) and nutrients (detritus, inorganic chemicals)

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7
Q

trophic levels

A

feeding levels or energy levels, energy is lost as you go up the levels (producers with the most energy)

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8
Q

producers

A

make their own food, autotrophs

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9
Q

consumers

A

heterotrophs (primary, secondary, tertiary)

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10
Q

detritus

A

dead organic matter

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11
Q

decomposers

A

heterotrophs that derive their energy from detritus

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12
Q

food chain

A

path of energy flow across trophic levels, linear

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13
Q

food web

A

a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow among organisms in a community, network

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14
Q

competition

A

multiple organisms seek the same limited resource (ex: food, water shelter), negative effect on both species

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15
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of the same species

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16
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between members of different species

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17
Q

exploitation

A

one member benefits while the other is harmed

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18
Q

predation (exploitation)

A

process by which individuals of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species (prey), cyclic process

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19
Q

parasitism (expolitation)

A

a relationship in which an organism (parasite) depends on another (host)

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20
Q

herbivory (expolitation)

A

animals feed on the tissues of plants, affects growth and reproduction

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21
Q

defenses against herbivory

A

chemicals (toxic or distasteful), physical structure (thorns, spines)

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22
Q

mutualists

A

two or more species benefit from their interacts

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23
Q

symbiotic relationship

A

two species live in close association with each other and depend on each other mutually for their survival

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24
Q

pollination

A

interactions between plants and animals that result in plant pollination

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25
Q

human microbiome

A

the complete collection of microorganisms in the human body’s ecosystem, important for nutrition and immunity

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26
Q

symbionts

A

organisms that have mutual relationships with another organism

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27
Q

keystone species

A

species that have a dramatic effect on an ecosystem and community disproportionate to its abundance, usually top predators, effect on community and ecosystem via predation and intermediate trophic level

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28
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

species that physically modify the environment

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29
Q

alien (exotic) species

A

non-native species from somewhere else enters a new community, introduced deliberately or accidentally

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30
Q

invasive species

A

non-native species that spreads widely and becomes dominant in a community, growth limiting factors are absent, have major ecological effects

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31
Q

disturbance

A

an event that destroys all or part of life forms in a region (fire, floods, earthquakes)

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32
Q

succession

A

the predictable series of changes in a community after a severe disturbance

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33
Q

primary succession

A

occurs after a disturbance removes all vegetation and social life (glaciers, drying of lakes, volcanos, strip mining)

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34
Q

pioneer species

A

the first species to arrive in a primary succession area (lichens), early colonizers produce organic matter which leads to the creation of soil

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35
Q

climax community

A

remains in place with few changes until another disturbance restarts succession

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36
Q

secondary succession

A

occurs after a disturbance has removed much, but not all, of biotic community (fires, hurricanes, logging, farming), soil still contains most of its nutrients and organic matter, revegetated by trees and bushes

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37
Q

ecosystems

A

result from the interactions of ecological communities and abiotic environment
- biological entities are tightly intertwined with chemicals and physical parts of the environment
- all biotic and abiotic entities that live and interact in a particular area at the same times

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38
Q

productivity

A

how much biomass in accumulated over time (generally primary production)

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39
Q

nutrients

A

any element or molecule that organisms require to grow, survive, and reproduce

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40
Q

non-mineral nutrients

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

41
Q

mineral nutrients

A

mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium (aka primary macronutrients/fertilzers)

42
Q

eutrophication

A

excess nutrients/nutrients pollution in aquatic systems (increase growth of algae)

43
Q

hypoxia

A

depletion of oxygen, loss of fish and invertebrates

44
Q

anoxia

A

no oxygen

45
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

matter (nutrients) cycles through biological and geological entities via chemical reactions

46
Q

pools( reservoirs)

A

where nutrients reside for varying amounts of time (the residence time)

47
Q

source

A

a pool that releases more nutrients than it accepts

48
Q

sink

A

a pool that accepts more nutrients than it releases

49
Q

flux

A

the rate at which materials move between reservoirs (can change over time, can be influences by human activity)

50
Q

the carbon cycle

A

the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organism and back again

51
Q

variety

A

different traits within the same species, also called “morph”

52
Q

breeds

A

refers to varieties within a species of domesticated animals

53
Q

evolution

A

change in average value of a heritable trait in populations over one or more generations

54
Q

what was wrong with Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

he suggest that organisms can alter their traits based on need and he proposed that organisms passed on traits they acquire over their lifetime

55
Q

evolution by natural selection

A

the process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce

56
Q

when does natural occur?

A

heritable traits, variation in traits, not all individuals are equally successful at survival and reproduction

57
Q

biological fitness

A

measure of an individuals contribution to the next generations gene pool, measured by the number of fertile offspring produces in the lifetime of an individual

58
Q

mechanisms of evolution

A

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural section/sexual selection

59
Q

mutation

A

random changes in an individuals DNA, occurs due to mistakes during DNA copying

60
Q

types of mutations

A

neutral (no effect on fitness)
deleterious (mutation may quickly be removed from population)
beneficial (mutation may increase in frequency over time)

61
Q

gene flow/migration

A

movement of genes in or out of a population due to interbreeding after migration

62
Q

genetic drift

A

change in the genetic make-up of the population due to random chance

63
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain mates

64
Q

artificial selection

A

mechanism of evolution under domestication, humans “select” desired traits, and weed out undesired traits

65
Q

principles of natural selection

A

variation, overproduction, adaptation, descent with moditification

66
Q

descent with modifitication

A

principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

67
Q

common descent

A

principle that all living things were derived from common acestors

68
Q

adaptive trait (adaption)

A

trait that provides high fitness to the individual in a specific environment

69
Q

selection versus evolution

A

selection is the filtering process while evolution is the result of natural selection

70
Q

sexual selection for males

A

finding and keeping mates is the most important for fitness

71
Q

sexual selection for females

A

survival, nutrition to produce offspring, and offspring for survival is most important for fitnesss

72
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

morphological differences between the sexes of the same species

73
Q

male dimorphism

A

develop traits that help them increase fitness by finding and keeping mates

74
Q

female dimorphism

A

develop traits that help increase fitness by increasing nutrition and offspring survival

75
Q

ornaments

A

attractive traits that increase mating success

76
Q

armaments

A

weaponry used to outcompete other individuals

77
Q

speciation

A

the creation of new species from existing species

78
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that are able to interbreed successfully in nature, produce viable/fertile offspring and are reproductively isolated from other species

79
Q

how do you define two populations as different species?

A

individuals of different populations cannot interbreed naturally, if they do interbreed the offspring will be infertile or do not survive.

80
Q

microevolution

A

evolution within a population over a small time scale

81
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution over the species level, over larger time scale

82
Q

reproductive isolation

A

the existence of biological factors that impede members of two different species from producing viable, fertile offspring

83
Q

prezygotic barries

A

prevent species from combining gametes (before-zygote)

84
Q

posttzygotic barries

A

prevent hybrids from reproducing and mixing genes of the two species

85
Q

examples of prezygotic barries

A

habitat isolation, temporal isolation, and mechanical isolation

86
Q

examples of postzygotic barriers

A

reduced hybrid fertility

87
Q

evolutionary medicine

A

the application of the theory of evolution to understanding health and human conditions in attempt to treat people effectively

88
Q

allergies

A

immune system attacks harmless substances, immune response against non-pathogens

89
Q

auto-immune condition

A

immune system attacks body’s own tissue

90
Q

where is there a high prevalence of allergies and auto-immune conditions?

A

western countries/westernized world

91
Q

the hygiene hypothesis

A

insufficient exposure to microbes can lead to allergies and autoimmune disease due to insufficient “database” for immune system to work with

92
Q

why do we get a fever?

A

fever is an adaptive defense against pathogens, treating the fever will make the infection worse

93
Q

why and how do bacteria develop resistance to drugs

A

bacteria have evolved in ways to survive antibiotics through random mutations of resistance

94
Q

alexander fleming

A

discovered penicillin in 1928

95
Q

mutations in bacteria

A

vertically (parent to offspring) or horizontally (one individual to another)

96
Q

natural selection in bacteria

A

random mutations lead to resistance, individuals with the resistance gene are favored and multiply in future generations

97
Q

viruses

A

have specific proteins on the surface and are specific to virus strain

98
Q

different types of vaccines

A

attenuated (weakened virus)
closely related harmless virus modified to produce protein of pathogenic virus
RNA with information to produce to protein of the virus

99
Q

how do vaccines work?

A

vaccine is introduced allowing for the immune system to produce antibodies that recognize the proteins of the virus

BIO 103- Final (3 decks)

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