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BIO 103- Final > BIO 103- Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO 103- Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions in a cell, building and breaking down of complex molecules, reactions consume or generate energy

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2
Q

anabolic reaction

A

smaller molecules are built into large ones, energy is required (photosynthesis)

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3
Q

catabolic reaction

A

large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, results in energy (respiration)

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4
Q

enzymes

A

involved in metabolic reactions, speed up biochemical reactions, Makes the bond-breaking and bond-forming processes easier

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5
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

-the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
-the enzyme and substrate form a substrate complex
-the products are released and the enzyme starts again

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6
Q

competitive inhibition

A

inhibiting molecule has a structure similar to the substrate, competes with the substrate for the active site, Inhibitor binds to the active site of enzyme, reaction does not occur

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7
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

inhibiting molecule binds to enzyme at other location, changes shape of enzyme, the shape of active site is changed, reactants cannot bind to enzyme; reaction does not occur

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8
Q

cellular respiration

A

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen, catabolic reaction

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9
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work,

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10
Q

aerobic respiration

A

requires oxygen
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

glycosis

A

occurs in the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into pyruvate

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12
Q

citric acid cycle

A

a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria, Production of NADH and FADH2

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13
Q

oxidative phospholaytion

A

NADH and FADH2 broken down to generate more ATP

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14
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen, glycolysis breaks glucose down into pyruvate and ATP. Pyruvate undergoes fermentation

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15
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactic acid produced as a by-product, ex: milk converted to yogurt/cheese, breakdown of glucose in red blood cells of muscles in absence of O2

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16
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

Ethanol is produced as a by-product, ex: brewing bee, breakdown of glucose by yeast

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17
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that makes its own food, uses energy to convert inorganic C to glucose

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18
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use light as energy source (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)

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19
Q

chemosynthetic autotroph

A

use chemicals to make food (organisms in hot springs or bottom of the ocean)

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20
Q

hetertrophs

A

obtain organic carbon and nutrients by consuming other organisms

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21
Q

pigments and light absorption

A

Visible light is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation (solar energy), absorbed light is used for biochemical reactions, unused light is reflected back

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22
Q

chloroplast

A

stroma fills the space in chloroplasts and contains dissolved enzymes, starch granules, and chloroplast DNA
thylakoids are discs in chloroplast that contain chlorophyll

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23
Q

photosynthesis

A
  1. light reaction: occurs in the thylakoid membrane
  2. calvin cycle: occurs in the stroma
  3. 3-C molecule converted to glucose: in stroma
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24
Q

light reaction, photosynthesis

A

light absorbed by chlorophyll molecule, water broken down to H and 02 (oxygen released), electrons are passed on, NADPH is produced and ATP is generated.

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25
calvin cycle
occurs in stroma of chloroplast, input: CO2, ATP, and NADPH from light cycle, CO2 is converted into a 3-C molecule
26
3-c molecule
leaves the Calvin cycle and is converted to glucose in stroma of chloroplast
27
central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
28
similarities between DNA and RNA
Both are nucleic acids; both have A, C, and G nucleotides
29
differences between DNA and RNA
DNA has deoxyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded
30
genotype
genetic make-up of an individual
31
phenotype
measurable trait of an individual
32
RNA polymerase
enzyme (protein) that synthesizes RNA molecules, reads information on a sequence of bases in a stretch of DNA
33
gene expression
process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function
34
what is a gene?
a gene is a stretch of DNA base pairs that code for a protein (proteins make traits, proteins are also used for other functions) all genes exist in every cell, but not all genes are expressed in every cell
35
where is the mRNA made?
nucleus
36
transcription
RNA polymerase copies the gene from the DNA onto the RNA. The mRNA carries the message from the DNA to the ribosome
37
codon
sequence of 3 nucleotides, found on the mRNA
38
anti-codon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
39
translation
occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read mRNA, tRNA enter the ribosome and carry anticodons to create the protein
40
what is the end product of translation?
polypeptide chain
41
why do cells replicate?
cell replication supports carious vital functions such as reproduction, development, growth, and healing
42
chromosome
a single, long DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins
43
replicated chromosome
A chromosome that has been copied; consists of two identical chromatids, each containing one double-helical DNA molecule
44
locus
position of gene on a chromosome
45
sister chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere
46
autosomes
chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
47
breakdown of human chromosomes
humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (22 are autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes)
48
DNA molecule
double-stranded DNA helix
49
homologous chromosomes
matches pairs of each type of chromosomes, same length, same genes at the same loci
50
alleles
slightly different versions of a gene
51
ploidy
number of versions of each type of chromosome or number of sets of chromosomes
52
the cell cycle
G1, S (synthesis), G2, and M phase
53
interphase
cell spends most of its time here, consists of G1, S, and G2 phase
54
mitosis
division of nucleus
55
cytokinesis
the division of the cell's cytoplasm
56
what occurs during the synthesis phase?
DNA replication
57
cancer and the cell cycle
cancer: uncontrolled cell division, replication errors (mutations) passed on to the daughter cells
58
meiosis
a type of nuclear division that leads to a halving of chromosome number, production of gametes
59
asexual reproduction
any mechanism of producing offspring that does not involve the production and fusion of gametes (mitosis)
60
sexual reproduction
the production of offspring through the production and fusion of gametes, offspring have chromosome combinations unlike those of their siblings or parents
61
haploid
cells that have one chromosome of each type, number of chromosomes in a haploid cell=n (ex: gametes)
62
diploid
cells that have two versions of each type of chromosomes, number of chromosomes= 2n, (ex: somatic cells)
63
meiosis 1
crossing over, reduction in ploidy level, homologous chromosomes separate into different daughter cells, cells are haploid but chromosomes are still replicated
64
meiosis 2
cells are already haploid, separation of sister chromatids of replicated chromosomes, at the end cells are haploid and unreplicated
65
homozygous
both alleles are the same version of the gene
66
heterozygous
the 2 alleles are different versions of the gene
67
gregor mandel
father of genetics
68
single trait monohybrid cross
A cross between individuals that differ with respect to a single gene pair
69
dominant gene
allele that is expressed in homozygous and heterozygous genotype (denoted by capital letter)
70
recessive gene
allele that is expressed only in homozygous genotype (denoted by a lower case letter)
71
mendel's law of segregation
alleles of a gene will segregate into separate daughter cells during meiosis
72
all life on earth...
are the product of evolution and bear the characteristics common to all living things
73
three domains of life
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota
74
how do we go about determining the relationships of all living organisms
physical traits (anatomy and morphology), molecular data (DNA, DNA, proteins) and ribosomal RNA
75
bacteria and archea
prokaryotes, unicellular only, asexual reproduction only, some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs, some are classified as extremophiles
76
eukarya kingdom
protists, fungi, plants, animals
77
protists
eukaryote, very diverse, unicellular or multicellular, some groups are photosynthetic autotrophs, others engulf food or absorb nutrition from environment
78
fungi
can be single-celled (yeast) or multicellular (filaments), are heterotrophs: secrete digestive enzymes into environment then digest and absorb good
79
types of fungi
saprobes(feed on dead organic matter), symbionts (live in close association with another organism and benefit each other), parasites (feed on living organisms)
80
animals
multicellular(lack cell wall), move under their own power at some point in their life cycle, have neurons and muscle cell, are heterotrophs (ingest food)
81
plants
multicellular, cell walls with cellulose, photosynthetic autotrophs
82
which pathways or processes result in the production of ATP
light cycle of photosynthesis, citric acid cycle, and fermentation
83
A new plant virus causes the degradation of the stroma of the chloroplast. Which one of the following is likely to be the effect of the viral disease?
Decrease in the rate of synthesis of sugar molecules (Calvin Cycle)
84
where in the cell does respiration occur?
cytoplasm and mitchondria
85
What are the possible products and biproducts of anaerobic respiration?
Ethanol, ATP, Carbon Dioxide, Lactic Acid
86

BIO 103- Final (3 decks)

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