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BIO 103- Final > BIO 103- Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO 103- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions in a cell, building and breaking down of complex molecules, reactions consume or generate energy

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2
Q

anabolic reaction

A

smaller molecules are built into large ones, energy is required (photosynthesis)

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3
Q

catabolic reaction

A

large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, results in energy (respiration)

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4
Q

enzymes

A

involved in metabolic reactions, speed up biochemical reactions, Makes the bond-breaking and bond-forming processes easier

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5
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

-the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
-the enzyme and substrate form a substrate complex
-the products are released and the enzyme starts again

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6
Q

competitive inhibition

A

inhibiting molecule has a structure similar to the substrate, competes with the substrate for the active site, Inhibitor binds to the active site of enzyme, reaction does not occur

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7
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

inhibiting molecule binds to enzyme at other location, changes shape of enzyme, the shape of active site is changed, reactants cannot bind to enzyme; reaction does not occur

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8
Q

cellular respiration

A

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen, catabolic reaction

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9
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work,

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10
Q

aerobic respiration

A

requires oxygen
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

glycosis

A

occurs in the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into pyruvate

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12
Q

citric acid cycle

A

a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria, Production of NADH and FADH2

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13
Q

oxidative phospholaytion

A

NADH and FADH2 broken down to generate more ATP

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14
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen, glycolysis breaks glucose down into pyruvate and ATP. Pyruvate undergoes fermentation

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15
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactic acid produced as a by-product, ex: milk converted to yogurt/cheese, breakdown of glucose in red blood cells of muscles in absence of O2

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16
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

Ethanol is produced as a by-product, ex: brewing bee, breakdown of glucose by yeast

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17
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that makes its own food, uses energy to convert inorganic C to glucose

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18
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use light as energy source (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)

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19
Q

chemosynthetic autotroph

A

use chemicals to make food (organisms in hot springs or bottom of the ocean)

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20
Q

hetertrophs

A

obtain organic carbon and nutrients by consuming other organisms

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21
Q

pigments and light absorption

A

Visible light is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation (solar energy), absorbed light is used for biochemical reactions, unused light is reflected back

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22
Q

chloroplast

A

stroma fills the space in chloroplasts and contains dissolved enzymes, starch granules, and chloroplast DNA
thylakoids are discs in chloroplast that contain chlorophyll

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23
Q

photosynthesis

A
  1. light reaction: occurs in the thylakoid membrane
  2. calvin cycle: occurs in the stroma
  3. 3-C molecule converted to glucose: in stroma
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24
Q

light reaction, photosynthesis

A

light absorbed by chlorophyll molecule, water broken down to H and 02 (oxygen released), electrons are passed on, NADPH is produced and ATP is generated.

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25
Q

calvin cycle

A

occurs in stroma of chloroplast, input: CO2, ATP, and NADPH from light cycle, CO2 is converted into a 3-C molecule

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26
Q

3-c molecule

A

leaves the Calvin cycle and is converted to glucose in stroma of chloroplast

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27
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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28
Q

similarities between DNA and RNA

A

Both are nucleic acids; both have A, C, and G nucleotides

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29
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has deoxyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded

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30
Q

genotype

A

genetic make-up of an individual

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31
Q

phenotype

A

measurable trait of an individual

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32
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme (protein) that synthesizes RNA molecules, reads information on a sequence of bases in a stretch of DNA

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33
Q

gene expression

A

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function

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34
Q

what is a gene?

A

a gene is a stretch of DNA base pairs that code for a protein (proteins make traits, proteins are also used for other functions)
all genes exist in every cell, but not all genes are expressed in every cell

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35
Q

where is the mRNA made?

A

nucleus

36
Q

transcription

A

RNA polymerase copies the gene from the DNA onto the RNA. The mRNA carries the message from the DNA to the ribosome

37
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides, found on the mRNA

38
Q

anti-codon

A

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

39
Q

translation

A

occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read mRNA, tRNA enter the ribosome and carry anticodons to create the protein

40
Q

what is the end product of translation?

A

polypeptide chain

41
Q

why do cells replicate?

A

cell replication supports carious vital functions such as reproduction, development, growth, and healing

42
Q

chromosome

A

a single, long DNA molecule that is wrapped around proteins

43
Q

replicated chromosome

A

A chromosome that has been copied; consists of two identical chromatids, each containing one double-helical DNA molecule

44
Q

locus

A

position of gene on a chromosome

45
Q

sister chromatids

A

Identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere

46
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

47
Q

breakdown of human chromosomes

A

humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (22 are autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes)

48
Q

DNA molecule

A

double-stranded DNA helix

49
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matches pairs of each type of chromosomes, same length, same genes at the same loci

50
Q

alleles

A

slightly different versions of a gene

51
Q

ploidy

A

number of versions of each type of chromosome or number of sets of chromosomes

52
Q

the cell cycle

A

G1, S (synthesis), G2, and M phase

53
Q

interphase

A

cell spends most of its time here, consists of G1, S, and G2 phase

54
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus

55
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cell’s cytoplasm

56
Q

what occurs during the synthesis phase?

A

DNA replication

57
Q

cancer and the cell cycle

A

cancer: uncontrolled cell division, replication errors (mutations) passed on to the daughter cells

58
Q

meiosis

A

a type of nuclear division that leads to a halving of chromosome number, production of gametes

59
Q

asexual reproduction

A

any mechanism of producing offspring that does not involve the production and fusion of gametes (mitosis)

60
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring through the production and fusion of gametes, offspring have chromosome combinations unlike those of their siblings or parents

61
Q

haploid

A

cells that have one chromosome of each type, number of chromosomes in a haploid cell=n (ex: gametes)

62
Q

diploid

A

cells that have two versions of each type of chromosomes, number of chromosomes= 2n, (ex: somatic cells)

63
Q

meiosis 1

A

crossing over, reduction in ploidy level, homologous chromosomes separate into different daughter cells, cells are haploid but chromosomes are still replicated

64
Q

meiosis 2

A

cells are already haploid, separation of sister chromatids of replicated chromosomes, at the end cells are haploid and unreplicated

65
Q

homozygous

A

both alleles are the same version of the gene

66
Q

heterozygous

A

the 2 alleles are different versions of the gene

67
Q

gregor mandel

A

father of genetics

68
Q

single trait monohybrid cross

A

A cross between individuals that differ with respect to a single gene pair

69
Q

dominant gene

A

allele that is expressed in homozygous and heterozygous genotype (denoted by capital letter)

70
Q

recessive gene

A

allele that is expressed only in homozygous genotype (denoted by a lower case letter)

71
Q

mendel’s law of segregation

A

alleles of a gene will segregate into separate daughter cells during meiosis

72
Q

all life on earth…

A

are the product of evolution and bear the characteristics common to all living things

73
Q

three domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota

74
Q

how do we go about determining the relationships of all living organisms

A

physical traits (anatomy and morphology), molecular data (DNA, DNA, proteins) and ribosomal RNA

75
Q

bacteria and archea

A

prokaryotes, unicellular only, asexual reproduction only, some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs, some are classified as extremophiles

76
Q

eukarya kingdom

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

77
Q

protists

A

eukaryote, very diverse, unicellular or multicellular, some groups are photosynthetic autotrophs, others engulf food or absorb nutrition from environment

78
Q

fungi

A

can be single-celled (yeast) or multicellular (filaments), are heterotrophs: secrete digestive enzymes into environment then digest and absorb good

79
Q

types of fungi

A

saprobes(feed on dead organic matter), symbionts (live in close association with another organism and benefit each other), parasites (feed on living organisms)

80
Q

animals

A

multicellular(lack cell wall), move under their own power at some point in their life cycle, have neurons and muscle cell, are heterotrophs (ingest food)

81
Q

plants

A

multicellular, cell walls with cellulose, photosynthetic autotrophs

82
Q

which pathways or processes result in the production of ATP

A

light cycle of photosynthesis, citric acid cycle, and fermentation

83
Q

A new plant virus causes the degradation of the stroma of the chloroplast. Which one of the following is likely to be the effect of the viral disease?

A

Decrease in the rate of synthesis of sugar molecules (Calvin Cycle)

84
Q

where in the cell does respiration occur?

A

cytoplasm and mitchondria

85
Q

What are the possible products and biproducts of anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanol, ATP, Carbon Dioxide, Lactic Acid

86
Q
A

BIO 103- Final (3 decks)

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