Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 103- Final > BIO 103- Exam 1 > Flashcards

BIO 103- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

science

A

a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it
The accumulated body of knowledge arising from the dynamic process of observation, testing, and discovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

fact

A

an observation of a phenomenon in nature (ex: leaves of plants are green)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess about the reason for the phenomenon (ex: the leaves reflect green light more than other wavelengths)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

law

A

A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. (ex: relationship between chlorophyll and the color of leaves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

theory

A

a comprehensive explanation of some aspects of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence and that generated testable and falsifiable predictions. NOT a vague or untested idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the scientific method

A

the process of systematically testing hypotheses to explain natural phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the process of the scientific method

A
  • a scientist makes an observation and asked questions
  • scientist will create a hypothesis (must be testable)
  • the hypothesis generated predictions which can be tested
  • the results will either support or reject the hypothesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hypothesis testing

A
  • break down the hypothesis statement into cause and effect
  • design an experiment to specifically test whether changing the CAUSE produces different EFFECTS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

independent variable

A

the “cause” variable ( we manipulate or change it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dependent variable

A

the “effect” variable (response that is measured when independent variable changes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

control

A

the zero level of the independent variable, serves as the baseline or default level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

replication

A

number of samples within each level of independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

controlled experiment

A

keep constant all other variables that could affect the response (controlled variables or constants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

organism

A

a living being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

shared characteristics of life

A
  • energy and matter
  • cells
  • information stored in the form of DNA
    -environmental information
    -replication/reproduction
    -populations evolve
    -product of evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

energy and matter

A

all living things use and acquire matter. During this process, all living things release energy into the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

all things are made up of cells

A

cells are organized compartments made of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. they reproduce by replicating themselves and come in all different shapes, sizes, and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

information stored in form of DNA

A

DNA is made of nucleic aids which are information carrying biomolecules. Each DNA molecule is divided into genes which code for proteins.
DNA is coped onto mRNA. Ribosomes then read the information on the mRNA and create proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

environment information

A

organisms process information from their environment
cells take in information, which leads to cellular signaling and a response to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

replication/reproduction

A

All organisms are capable of reproduction
For life on Earth to continue to exist, cells must replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

populations of living organisms evolve

A

change in heritable characteristics over generations within a population (evolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

product of evolution

A

all living things are the product of evolution
all living things bear these similarities (shared characteristics of lfie) as a result of evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

are viruses living organisms?

A

they are not living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

27
Q

atom

A

the unit of matter

28
Q

nucleus of an atom

A

contains neutrons (no charge) and protons (positive charge)

29
Q

electrons

A

negative charge, surround the nucleus

30
Q

what is the relationship between protons and electrons?

A

the number of electrons equals the number of protons. different elements mean different number of electrons and protons

31
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms joined by bonds

32
Q

the law of conservation of matter

A

states that in physical or chemical changes, matter is neither created nor destroyed. atoms and molecules are simply rearranged

33
Q

chemistry of life-carbon

A
  • life on earth is carbon based
  • carbon atoms are small and stable (unstable atoms lose protons and electrons)
    -carbon bonds are stable in water solutions (cytoplasm is water based)
    -carbon atoms can form multiple chemical bonds
  • carbon-carbon links form the backbone of biological molecules with other atoms attached
34
Q

chemistry of life-water

A
  • water is critical to life on earth
    -excellent solvent (cytoplasm holds many salts)
    -high boiling and low freezing points (life forms live well within this range)
  • high heat capacity (changes temperature slowly)
  • high cohesion and adhesion
35
Q

cohesion

A

molecules of same substance stick together, makes water molecules stick to each other and pull up against gravity

36
Q

adhesion

A

molecules of different substances stick together, makes water molecules stick to tubes inside plants and get pulled up

37
Q

polymers

A

large molecules made of monomers

38
Q

monomers

A

building block molecules

39
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • monomers are monosaccharides (simple sugars, glucose, fructose, galactose)
  • source of fast energy for the cell: fuel
    -carbohydrates stored in cells for future use: break down later as glucose source
40
Q

disachharides

A

Two Monosaccharides bonded together
Common Disaccharides
Lactose - galactose and glucose
Maltose - glucose and glucose
Sucrose - fructose and glucose

41
Q

starches

A

complex sugars, polymers made up of several monomers

42
Q

lipids

A
  • monomers are glycerol and fatty acid chains
  • saturated fats: fatty acids have only single bonds between C atoms
  • unsaturated fats: fatty acids have double and triple bonds between C atoms
  • fuel for cell: long term energy storage
  • contributes to cell structure: phospholipids (protective later)
    -transport nutrients and related to cholesterol
43
Q

proteins

A
  • monomer is amino acids (20 different amino acids)
    -difference between amino acids: R side chain comprises of C,H and other atoms
  • needed for structure, metabolic enzymes, transport, cell signaling, movement, gene expression, channels and pumps, and protection
    -amino acid chains get folded into a shape that is important for the protein function
44
Q

nucleic acid

A
  • monomer is nucleotides
  • nucleotides are made up of phosphate group, ribose sugar (RNA), deoxyribose sugar (DNA), and a nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T (only in DNA), and U( only in RNA)
  • the sequence of nucleotides is used for making proteins
    -DNA: primary genetic material for all living things
  • RNA: carries information from DNA to ribosomes
45
Q

diversity of molecules

A
  • different monomers can be made using the same basic molecule and changing one section
  • a diversity of polymers can be made by connecting monomers in different ways
  • small molecular changes around a basic structure can yield large differences
46
Q

what has to be inside a cell?

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, amino acids, and nucleotides

47
Q

ribosomes

A

made up of proteins and RNA, ribosomes read messages on mRNA and make proteins

48
Q

prokaryotic cell structure

A
  • contains plasma membrane and phospholipid bilayer
  • contain a cell wall outside plasma membrane
    -no nucleus
    -DNA is free floating in the cytoplasm
  • contains plasmid ( small circular piece of DNA, separate from chromosomes)
    -no organelles
    -rotating flagellum and cilia
  • few or no internal membranes
    -bacteria and archea
49
Q

eukaryotic cell structure

A
  • fungi, animals, plants, protists
    -nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and central vacuole
50
Q

plasma membrane

A

-A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
- compounds in the plasma membrane include phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates
- fluid mosaic: not rigid, flexible and able to move, combination of many compounds

51
Q

diffusion

A

molecules move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration of the molecule

52
Q

osmosis

A

water moves from an area of higher water concentration to area of lower water concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

53
Q

hypertonic

A

higher salt concentration than reference solution, lower water concentration (cells shrivel)

54
Q

hypotonic

A

lower salt concentrations than reference solution, higher water concentration (cells burst)

55
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration of salts as reference solution, cells maintain shape

56
Q

nuclear envelope

A

phospholipid bilayer
chromatin: all the chromosomes within the nucleus
function: packages DNA, ribosomal synthesis

57
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

series of interconnected membranes, function: transport lipids and proteins

58
Q

lysosomes

A

animal cells only, destroys waste and disease agents, contains digestive enzymes

59
Q

mitochondria

A

generates ATP, the primary source of energy in the cell

60
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

A theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell.

61
Q

chloroplast origin

A

thought to have originated when a eukaryote engulfed a cyanobacterium.

62
Q

chloroplast

A

plant cells only, contains chlorophyll (green pigment), chlorophyll traps light energy and converts inorganic carbon into glucose

63
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are made of cells (one or more) and all cells come from other cells
all single-celled organisms in a population are related by common ancestry and all cells in a multicellular organism are connected by common ancestry

BIO 103- Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions