Bio 102 Final Exam Flashcards
Closed Circulatory System
- found in vertebrates
- blood is confined to vessels and separated from the interstitial fluid
- use capillaries to exchange gases
Open Circulatory System
- found in insects
- the blood and the interstitial fluid are mixed, called hemolymph
What are the 3 components of a circulatory system?
- Circulatory fluid (blood/hemolymph)
- Vessels
- Muscular Pump (heart)
Cardiovascular System
The closed circulatory system in humans and other invertebrates
Artieries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Capillary Bed
Networks of capillaries that function as a site for chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
Veins
Vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the heart
Atrium
Two top chambers of the heart where blood enters the heart
Ventricle
Two bottom chambers of the heart where blood is pumped out of the heart, much bigger than the atriums
Single Circulation
- bony fish, rays, shark
- 2 chamber heart where blood passes through 2 capillaries before coming back to the heart
Double Circulation
- 2 circuits: systematic and pulmonary
- each circuit is pumped separately on the left and right sides of the heart
- has higher blood pressure in organs compared to single circulation
Systemic Circuit vs Pulmonary Circuit
Oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen to the body
Oxygen-poor blood picks up oxygen from the lungs
Cardiac Cycle
The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle
Systole vs Diastole
Systole = contraction/pumping phase
Diastole = relaxing/filling phase
Heart Rate
- aka Pulse
- number of beats per minute
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
Cardiac Output
Depends on: heart rate & stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped into the systemic circuit per minute
Valves
Prevent black flow of blood in the heart
Normal Blood Flow
“Lub” - blood against AV valves
“Dub”- blood against semilunar valves
Heart Murmur
Back flow of blood through a defective valve
SA Node
- aka Pacemaker
- Rate and Timing of the cardiac muscle contraction
Blood Flow
Velocity of blood flow is slowest through the capillary beds for gas exchange
Blood Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall if a vessel
Determines based on the cardiac output and resistance in the vessels
Systolic Pressure
Pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole, highest pressure in the arteries
Diastolic Pressure
The pressure in the arteries during diastole, lower than systolic
Vasoconstriction vs Vadodilatation
Vasoconstriction-the contraction of smooth muscles in arteriole walls, increase blood pressure
Vasodilation-relaxation of smooth muscles in the arteriole walls, decrease blood pressure
What are the functions of RBC, WBC, platelets
Erythrocytes (RBC) - transport oxygen
Lukeocyctes (WBC) - function in defense
Platelets - fragments of cells that are used in blood clotting
Name the 5 Leukocytes
Lymphocyte Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes
Stem Cell
- found in bone marrow
- is what cells are differentiated from
Lymphoid Stem Cell
Differentiate into the lymphocytes, B and T cells
Myeloid Stem Cells
Differentiate into all other blood elements except lymphocytes
Antherosclerosis
- A cardiovascular disease that is caused by the buildup of plaque deposits in an artery
- Cholesterol is a major contributor
- fix with exercise, not smoking, avoiding foods with trans fats
Heart Attack
The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of a coronary artery
Stroke
Death of nervous tissue in the head due to a rupture or blockage to the arteries in the head
LDL vs HDL
LDL - “bad cholesterol” - associated with plaque formation
HDL - “good cholesterol” - reduces the deposition of cholesterol
Hypertension
“High blood pressure”
Promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of stroke and heart attack
Fix by reducing dietary changes, exercise, and medication
Gas Exchange
Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes carbon dioxide
Partial Pressure
The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
Negative Pressure Breathing
The action of pulling air into the lungs with the contraction of the diaphragm
Tidal Volume
The volume of air inhaled with each breath
Vital Capacity
Maximum tidal volume
Residual Volume
Air that remains in the lungs after the exhale
What 2 areas of the brain control breathing
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
What are 2 respiratory pigments that bind oxygen?
HEMOCYANIN - copper
HEMOGLOBIN - iron
Bohr Shift
When the production of carbon dioxide during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Ecology
The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
6 levels of ecology
Organismal Population Community Ecosystem Landscape Global
Organismal Ecology
Studies the organisms structure, physiology, behavior to environment factors
Population Ecology
Focuses on how factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area
Ecosystem Ecology
Chemical cycling and energy flow among abiotic (non living) and biotic (living) components
Community Ecology
Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community
Landscape Ecology
Arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in geographic region
Global Ecology
Examines the influence of energy and materials on organism across the biosphere
4 Factors responsible for distribution of species
- habitat selection
- biotic (other species): predation, parasitism, competition, disease
- abiotic - chemical - water, oxygen, salinity, pH, soil/nutrients
- abiotic - physical - temperature, light, fire, moisture
Interspecific Interactions
- Competition (-/-)
- Predation (+-)
- Herbivory (+-)
- Symbiosis
Competitive Exclusion
(+-)
When a species is completely dominated and eliminated by a competing specie
Two features of Community Structure
- Species Diversity: a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community
- Trophic Structure: the feeding relationships between organisms in a community
4 kinds of species that impact community structure
Dominant
Invasive
Keystone
Foundation
Dominant Species
The most abundant and have the most biomass, have powerful control
Invasive Species
Typically introduced to a new environment, usually lack predator or disease
Keystone Species
Exert strong control over an ecological community by their ecological roles or niches
Not necessarily abundant
Foundation Species
“Engineers”
Cause physical change to the environment that affect the structure
Non equilibrium Model
Describes communities as constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance
High levels- kill off slow growing
Low levels-allow dominant to take over
Ecological Sucession
The sequence of community and ecosystem changes, after a disturbance
Primary Succession vs Secondary Succession
Occurs where no soil exists when succession begins
Begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance
What are the 3 possible influences of an early arriving species
1- can facilitate favorable conditions
2- can inhibit the establishment of later species
3- have no affect on later species
What are the 2 factors that affect species diversity?
Climate (evapotranspiration)
Area
Pathogens
Disease-causing microorganism and viruses
Zoonotic Pathogens
Pathogens that are transferred from animals to humans
Two processes in an ecosystem
Energy flow - 1 & 2 law of thermodynamics
Chemical recycling - conservation of mass
Laws of thermodynamics
1st- energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd- every exchange of energy increased the entropy if the universe
Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Sun – producers – consumers – decomposers
What are factors that control primary production in aquatic ecosystems?
Light
Limiting nutrients - nitrogen and phosphorus
What are factors that control primary production in terrestrial ecosystems?
Soil nutrients
Evapotranspiration
What factors affect secondary production?
Trophic efficiency up the chain
Biogeochemical Cycles
Cycles that involve both biotic and abiotic factors
Critical Load
The amount of nutrients the plants can absorb without taking in nutrients
Eutrophication
Excessive algal growth that can greatly harm freshwater ecosystems
Caused by sewage run off
Acid rain
Precipitation that is more acidic
Caused by the combustion of fossil fuels
Biological magnification
Concentrates toxins at higher Trophic levels, due to less biomass
Greenhouse Effect
CO2, water vapor, and greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation back toward earth
Ozone Hole
An area of ozone depletion
CNS vs PNS
CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord
PNS is composed of nerves and ganglia
What is a reflex and what controls it?
The body’s autonomic response to a stimulus
Comes from the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid is found…
In the central canal of the spinal chord and the hollow ventricles of the brain
Grey Matter vs White Matter
Grey matter - neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
White matter - myelinated axons
Afferent neurons
Transfer information from the PNS to the CNS
Efferent Neurons
Transfers information away from the CNS
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates the internal environment in an involuntary manner
What are the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
Forebrain
Cerebral cortex, white matter, thalamus, hypothalamus, epitheliums
Midbrain
Receive and integration of sensory information, part of the brain stem
Hindbrain
Pons (part of the brainstem)
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata (part of the brainstem)
Roles of the Pons
Regulates the breathing in the medulla
Roles of Medulla Oblongata
Control breathing Cardiovascular activity Swallowing Vomiting Digestion
What makes up the brainstem?
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain
Thalamus
“Control center”
Hypothalamus
Regulates homeostasis
Basic survival behaviors
Left vs Right brain
Left - language, math, logic
Right - pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, emotional processes
Limbic System
Amygdala
Amygdala, hippocampus, parts of the thalamus
Controls emotions
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Hallucinations, delusions, blunted emotions
Symptoms of Parkinson’s
Difficulty initiating movements
Muscle tremors
Slowness if movement
Rigidity
Water Potential
H2O moves from regions of high water potential to regions of low water potential
Ψ = partial pressure (+-) + solute potential (-)
Bryophytes
- mosses, hornworts
- gametophyte is dominant
- “swimming sperm”
- no vascular tissue
Seedless Vascular Plant
- ferns, horsetails
- have vascular tissue
- sporophyte generation is dominant
Gymnosperms
- produce “naked seeds”
- pine trees
- wind pollinated
- sporophyte generation is dominant
Angiosperm
Flowing plant
4 whorls: carpel, stamen, calyx (sepal), and corolla (petals)
Sporophyte generation is dominant
Pollen formation and ovule formation
Coelom
Body cavity
Mycelium
Al of the hyphae that make up the entire fungus, some turn into reproductive cells
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic relationship, mutualism, between the mycelium of the fungus and the root of the plant
Plants couldn’t invade land unless this happened
Species
Population if organisms that INTERBREED and are REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED from other such groups
Allopatric Speciation
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION of toe populations of the same species
Can be caused by gene flow
Grand cannon squirrels
Chemiosmosis
Creation of a TRANSMEMBRANE PROTON GRADIENT which creates a membrane potential for cellular work
Serial Endosymbiotic Theory
The early ancestor of eukaryotes that form when one cell engulfed another and lived with symbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Evidence of the serial Endosymbiotic theory
Own DNA Ribosome Same size Circular DNA Reproduce binary fission
Membrane potential of plant cells
Difference in charge gives potential energy and is measured with a voltage meter
Amniotic egg
“Pond in the egg”
