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Biology > Bio 102 Final Exam > Flashcards

Bio 102 Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A
  • found in vertebrates
  • blood is confined to vessels and separated from the interstitial fluid
  • use capillaries to exchange gases
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1
Q

Open Circulatory System

A
  • found in insects

- the blood and the interstitial fluid are mixed, called hemolymph

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of a circulatory system?

A
  • Circulatory fluid (blood/hemolymph)
  • Vessels
  • Muscular Pump (heart)
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3
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

The closed circulatory system in humans and other invertebrates

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4
Q

Artieries

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries

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5
Q

Capillary Bed

A

Networks of capillaries that function as a site for chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

Veins

A

Vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the heart

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7
Q

Atrium

A

Two top chambers of the heart where blood enters the heart

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8
Q

Ventricle

A

Two bottom chambers of the heart where blood is pumped out of the heart, much bigger than the atriums

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9
Q

Single Circulation

A
  • bony fish, rays, shark

- 2 chamber heart where blood passes through 2 capillaries before coming back to the heart

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10
Q

Double Circulation

A
  • 2 circuits: systematic and pulmonary
  • each circuit is pumped separately on the left and right sides of the heart
  • has higher blood pressure in organs compared to single circulation
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11
Q

Systemic Circuit vs Pulmonary Circuit

A

Oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen to the body

Oxygen-poor blood picks up oxygen from the lungs

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12
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

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13
Q

Systole vs Diastole

A

Systole = contraction/pumping phase

Diastole = relaxing/filling phase

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14
Q

Heart Rate

A
  • aka Pulse

- number of beats per minute

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15
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

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16
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Depends on: heart rate & stroke volume

The volume of blood pumped into the systemic circuit per minute

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17
Q

Valves

A

Prevent black flow of blood in the heart

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18
Q

Normal Blood Flow

A

“Lub” - blood against AV valves

“Dub”- blood against semilunar valves

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19
Q

Heart Murmur

A

Back flow of blood through a defective valve

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20
Q

SA Node

A
  • aka Pacemaker

- Rate and Timing of the cardiac muscle contraction

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21
Q

Blood Flow

A

Velocity of blood flow is slowest through the capillary beds for gas exchange

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22
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall if a vessel

Determines based on the cardiac output and resistance in the vessels

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23
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole, highest pressure in the arteries

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24
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries during diastole, lower than systolic

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25
Q

Vasoconstriction vs Vadodilatation

A

Vasoconstriction-the contraction of smooth muscles in arteriole walls, increase blood pressure
Vasodilation-relaxation of smooth muscles in the arteriole walls, decrease blood pressure

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26
Q

What are the functions of RBC, WBC, platelets

A

Erythrocytes (RBC) - transport oxygen
Lukeocyctes (WBC) - function in defense
Platelets - fragments of cells that are used in blood clotting

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27
Q

Name the 5 Leukocytes

A 
Lymphocyte
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
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28
Q

Stem Cell

A
  • found in bone marrow

- is what cells are differentiated from

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29
Q

Lymphoid Stem Cell

A

Differentiate into the lymphocytes, B and T cells

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30
Q

Myeloid Stem Cells

A

Differentiate into all other blood elements except lymphocytes

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31
Q

Antherosclerosis

A
  • A cardiovascular disease that is caused by the buildup of plaque deposits in an artery
  • Cholesterol is a major contributor
  • fix with exercise, not smoking, avoiding foods with trans fats
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32
Q

Heart Attack

A

The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of a coronary artery

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33
Q

Stroke

A

Death of nervous tissue in the head due to a rupture or blockage to the arteries in the head

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34
Q

LDL vs HDL

A

LDL - “bad cholesterol” - associated with plaque formation

HDL - “good cholesterol” - reduces the deposition of cholesterol

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35
Q

Hypertension

A

“High blood pressure”

Promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of stroke and heart attack

Fix by reducing dietary changes, exercise, and medication

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36
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes carbon dioxide

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37
Q

Partial Pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

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38
Q

Negative Pressure Breathing

A

The action of pulling air into the lungs with the contraction of the diaphragm

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39
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air inhaled with each breath

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40
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Maximum tidal volume

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41
Q

Residual Volume

A

Air that remains in the lungs after the exhale

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42
Q

What 2 areas of the brain control breathing

A

Medulla Oblongata

Pons

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43
Q

What are 2 respiratory pigments that bind oxygen?

A

HEMOCYANIN - copper

HEMOGLOBIN - iron

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44
Q

Bohr Shift

A

When the production of carbon dioxide during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

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45
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

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46
Q

6 levels of ecology

A 
Organismal
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Landscape
Global
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47
Q

Organismal Ecology

A

Studies the organisms structure, physiology, behavior to environment factors

48
Q

Population Ecology

A

Focuses on how factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area

49
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

Chemical cycling and energy flow among abiotic (non living) and biotic (living) components

50
Q

Community Ecology

A

Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

51
Q

Landscape Ecology

A

Arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in geographic region

52
Q

Global Ecology

A

Examines the influence of energy and materials on organism across the biosphere

53
Q

4 Factors responsible for distribution of species

A
  • habitat selection
  • biotic (other species): predation, parasitism, competition, disease
  • abiotic - chemical - water, oxygen, salinity, pH, soil/nutrients
  • abiotic - physical - temperature, light, fire, moisture
54
Q

Interspecific Interactions

A
  • Competition (-/-)
  • Predation (+-)
  • Herbivory (+-)
  • Symbiosis
55
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

(+-)

When a species is completely dominated and eliminated by a competing specie

56
Q

Two features of Community Structure

A
  • Species Diversity: a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community
  • Trophic Structure: the feeding relationships between organisms in a community
57
Q

4 kinds of species that impact community structure

A

Dominant
Invasive
Keystone
Foundation

58
Q

Dominant Species

A

The most abundant and have the most biomass, have powerful control

59
Q

Invasive Species

A

Typically introduced to a new environment, usually lack predator or disease

60
Q

Keystone Species

A

Exert strong control over an ecological community by their ecological roles or niches

Not necessarily abundant

61
Q

Foundation Species

A

“Engineers”

Cause physical change to the environment that affect the structure

62
Q

Non equilibrium Model

A

Describes communities as constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances

63
Q

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

A

Suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

High levels- kill off slow growing
Low levels-allow dominant to take over

64
Q

Ecological Sucession

A

The sequence of community and ecosystem changes, after a disturbance

65
Q

Primary Succession vs Secondary Succession

A

Occurs where no soil exists when succession begins

Begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance

66
Q

What are the 3 possible influences of an early arriving species

A

1- can facilitate favorable conditions
2- can inhibit the establishment of later species
3- have no affect on later species

67
Q

What are the 2 factors that affect species diversity?

A

Climate (evapotranspiration)

Area

68
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease-causing microorganism and viruses

69
Q

Zoonotic Pathogens

A

Pathogens that are transferred from animals to humans

70
Q

Two processes in an ecosystem

A

Energy flow - 1 & 2 law of thermodynamics

Chemical recycling - conservation of mass

71
Q

Laws of thermodynamics

A

1st- energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd- every exchange of energy increased the entropy if the universe

72
Q

Conservation of Mass

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

73
Q

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

A

Sun – producers – consumers – decomposers

74
Q

What are factors that control primary production in aquatic ecosystems?

A

Light

Limiting nutrients - nitrogen and phosphorus

75
Q

What are factors that control primary production in terrestrial ecosystems?

A

Soil nutrients

Evapotranspiration

76
Q

What factors affect secondary production?

A

Trophic efficiency up the chain

77
Q

Biogeochemical Cycles

A

Cycles that involve both biotic and abiotic factors

78
Q

Critical Load

A

The amount of nutrients the plants can absorb without taking in nutrients

79
Q

Eutrophication

A

Excessive algal growth that can greatly harm freshwater ecosystems

Caused by sewage run off

80
Q

Acid rain

A

Precipitation that is more acidic

Caused by the combustion of fossil fuels

81
Q

Biological magnification

A

Concentrates toxins at higher Trophic levels, due to less biomass

82
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

CO2, water vapor, and greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation back toward earth

83
Q

Ozone Hole

A

An area of ozone depletion

84
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord

PNS is composed of nerves and ganglia

85
Q

What is a reflex and what controls it?

A

The body’s autonomic response to a stimulus

Comes from the brain and spinal cord

86
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is found…

A

In the central canal of the spinal chord and the hollow ventricles of the brain

87
Q

Grey Matter vs White Matter

A

Grey matter - neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

White matter - myelinated axons

88
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Transfer information from the PNS to the CNS

89
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Transfers information away from the CNS

90
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates the internal environment in an involuntary manner

91
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

92
Q

Forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex, white matter, thalamus, hypothalamus, epitheliums

93
Q

Midbrain

A

Receive and integration of sensory information, part of the brain stem

94
Q

Hindbrain

A

Pons (part of the brainstem)
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata (part of the brainstem)

95
Q

Roles of the Pons

A

Regulates the breathing in the medulla

96
Q

Roles of Medulla Oblongata

A 
Control breathing
Cardiovascular activity
Swallowing
Vomiting
Digestion
97
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain

98
Q

Thalamus

A

“Control center”

99
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates homeostasis

Basic survival behaviors

100
Q

Left vs Right brain

A

Left - language, math, logic

Right - pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, emotional processes

101
Q

Limbic System

Amygdala

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, parts of the thalamus

Controls emotions

102
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations, delusions, blunted emotions

103
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Difficulty initiating movements
Muscle tremors
Slowness if movement
Rigidity

104
Q

Water Potential

A

H2O moves from regions of high water potential to regions of low water potential

Ψ = partial pressure (+-) + solute potential (-)

105
Q

Bryophytes

A
  • mosses, hornworts
  • gametophyte is dominant
  • “swimming sperm”
  • no vascular tissue
106
Q

Seedless Vascular Plant

A
  • ferns, horsetails
  • have vascular tissue
  • sporophyte generation is dominant
107
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • produce “naked seeds”
  • pine trees
  • wind pollinated
  • sporophyte generation is dominant
108
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowing plant
4 whorls: carpel, stamen, calyx (sepal), and corolla (petals)
Sporophyte generation is dominant
Pollen formation and ovule formation

109
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity

110
Q

Mycelium

A

Al of the hyphae that make up the entire fungus, some turn into reproductive cells

111
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic relationship, mutualism, between the mycelium of the fungus and the root of the plant

Plants couldn’t invade land unless this happened

112
Q

Species

A

Population if organisms that INTERBREED and are REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED from other such groups

113
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION of toe populations of the same species

Can be caused by gene flow

Grand cannon squirrels

114
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Creation of a TRANSMEMBRANE PROTON GRADIENT which creates a membrane potential for cellular work

115
Q

Serial Endosymbiotic Theory

A

The early ancestor of eukaryotes that form when one cell engulfed another and lived with symbiosis

Mitochondria and chloroplast

116
Q

Evidence of the serial Endosymbiotic theory

A 
Own DNA
Ribosome
Same size
Circular DNA
Reproduce binary fission
117
Q

Membrane potential of plant cells

A

Difference in charge gives potential energy and is measured with a voltage meter

118
Q

Amniotic egg

A

“Pond in the egg”

Biology (3 decks)

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