Bio 102 Body Systems Flashcards
What is CARTILAGE?
A strong and flexible support material.
What does LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE do?
Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds the organs in place
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints
Adipose Tissue
Stores fat for insulation and fuel
Blood
Composed of blood cells and cell fragments in bloods plasma
Bone
Mineralized and forms the skeleton
Pathogen
Foreign, disease-producing agent
What does the immune system do?
Recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins
Neutrophils
WBC- attracted by signals from infected tissues. Engulf and destroy the infecting pathogens
Macrophages
WBC that are large, phagocytic cells
Dendritic cells
Populate tissues that contact the environment. Stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf
Eosinophils
WBC important in defending against multicellular evaders by discharging destructive enzymes
Natural Killer Cells
Circulate the body and detect the abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus-infected and cancerous cells. Release chemicals that lead to cell death
Passive Immunization
IgG vs IgA
IgG - crosses the placenta from the mother
IgA - passes from mother to infant in breast milk
Active vs Passive Immunity
Active- develops naturally in response to an infection
Passive- provides immediate, short-term protection
Regulator vs Confomer
Regulator - internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change (warm/blooded mammals)
Conformer - allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
A mechanism that maintains a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment
Homeostasis
Acclimatization
The ability for homeostasis to adjust to changes in the external environment
What 4 ways to organisms exchange heat?
Radiation-emission of electromagnetic waves
Evaporation- evaporating cooling,sweat
Convection- transfer of heat by air/liquid moving past a surface
Conduction- direct transfer of heat
What are the 5 adaptions for thermoregulation?
know each in detail
- Insulation
- Cooling by Evaporative Heat Loss
- Behavioral Responses
- Adjusting Metabolic Heat Production
- Circulatory Adaption
Define Thermoregulation
The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
Endoterms-generate heat by metabolism
Ectotherms- gain heat from external sources
What is circulatory adaption?
The regulation of blood flow near the body surfaces
Vasodilation: blood flow in skin increases, increasing heat loss
Vasoconstriction: blood flow in skin decreases, decreasing heat loss
What region of the brain plays a role in thermoregulation?
Hypothalamus
Define bioenergetics
The overall flow and transformation of energy
Define biosynthesis
Body growth
Repair
Storage of material, like fat
Basal Metabolic Rate vs Standard Metabolic Rate
BMR- is the metabolic rate of an endothermic at a comfortable temperature
SMR-the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature
Torpor (2 kinds)
Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
Hibernation-winter
Estivation-summer
4 Essential Nutrients
Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals
Undernourishment vs malnourishment
Undernourishment: the result of a diet that supplies less chemical energy than what is needed
Malnourishment: long-term absence of one or more essential nutrients from the diet
Effects of undernourishment and malnourishment
Undernourishment- use up stored fats and carbs, break down own proteins and lose muscle, protein deficiency, die
Malnourishment- deformities, disease, death
Describe INGESTION
Know each
Act of eating
- Suspension feeders
- Substrate feeders
- Fluid feeders
- Bulk feeders
Function of Parietal cells and chief cells
Parietal cells- secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately
Chief cells-secrete inactive pepsinogen
-Together it makes gastric juice consisting of hydrochloric acid and activated enzyme, pepsin
Where does the acid chyme mix with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder
DUODENUM-First part of the small intestine
What enzymes does the pancreas produce?
Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Function of insulin
Enhances the transport/uptake of glucose into cells and aids in storing it as glycogen, decreasing amounts in the blood
What is the function of glucagon?
Promotes the break down of glycogen in the liver and release of glucose in blood, increasing the amount of glucose in the blood
Arteries vs Veins
Arteries take blood away from the heart while veins take blood toward the heart
Mayocardium
Heart muscle that contracts to push the blood through the body
Cardiac cycle
The rhythmic cycle of the heart contracting and relaxing in a rhythmic cycle
Systole vs diastole
Systole- contraction phase
Diastole- relaxation phase
Rate of blood being pumped through body depends on 2 things
Heart rate (pulse) = speed Stroke Volume = resistance
Function of the SA node
( aka pacemaker)
Sets the rate and timing of the cardiac muscle cell contract
Sounds of normal and defective heart
“Lub-dup”
Lub-blood against AV valves
Dub-blood against semilunar valves
Heart murmur- black flow of blood through defective valves
What makes up plasma?
Water
Ions
Proteins
What makes up the cellular elements of blood?
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets
Regions of brain to control breathing
Medulla oblongata - breathing rate and depth
Pons - tempo.
Partial pressure
The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses
Tidal volume
The volume of air inhaled with each breath
Vital capacity
Maximum tidal volume
Residual volume
After exhalation, the air that remains in the lungs
Negative breathing pressure
Pulling air into the lungs
Bohr Shift
CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
respiratory pigments ( 2 kinds )
Proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry
- hemocyanin: copper to bind oxygen
- hemoglobin: iron to bind oxygen
Lymphoid stem cells vs myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into B and T cells
Myeloid stem cells differentiate into leukocytes and erythrocytes and platelets
Antherosclerosis
Build up of plaque deposits within arteries
Heart attack
The death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries
Stroke
The death of nervous tissues in the brain
