Anatomy (Rat and Human) Flashcards
Masseter
Elevates the mandible
Huge in the rat
Function of the Pectoralis Major
Arm movement, respiration
Digastric
Depressed the mandible
Raises the hyoid
Oral Cavity
Salivary amylase-breaks down carbs
Esophagus
Smooth muscle-peristalsis
-moves food from mouth to stomach
Stomach
- Has pepsin
- rugae inside
- very acidic
- chyme
Small intestine
Duodenum- where pancreatic enzymes and bile are released
-nutrient absorption
Caecum
- Sac with bacteria that break down cellulose
- it’s is bigger in herbivores
Large intestine
- most water absorption
- vitamin K and B12 are absorbed
Liver
- Creates bile-emulsifies fats
- Site of fat soluble vitamin storage
Gall bladder
-stores bile
(Rats don’t have one(
Pancreas
- enzyme and hormone production
- pancreatic amylase: breaks down carbs
Mesentery
Connective tissue holding the intestines together in the abdominal cavity
Spleen
Recycles RBCs
Trachea
- larynx
- supported by cartilaginous rings
- uses to take air to the lungs
Lung
Primary organ of respiration
-includes alveoli
Epiglottis
Prevents food from entering the trachea
Diaphragm
Smooth muscle that changes the volume of the thoracic cavity for respiration
Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities internally
Coronary veins and arteries
Leave or enter the heart
Feed the heart
Renal veins and arteries
To and from the kidneys
Hepatic portal system
Takes nutrients to the LIVER from small intestine
Liver
Kidney
Filters blood and removes waste
Hilius
Ureter
Renal arteries and veins
Urinary bladder
Stores urine
Urethra
Where waste leaves the body as urine
Scrotum
Maintains temperature of the testes
Testis
Produce sperm and androgens
Epididymis
Sperm storage and maturation
Seminal vesicles
Secretes the majority of fluid that becomes semen
Prostate
- secretes 20-30% of the fluid that becomes semen
- helps expel semen during ejaculation
Spermatic chord
Transports sperm from testis to urethra
Body of the uterus
Fetus storage and maturation in certain animals( like in humans)
Horn of the uterus
Fetus storage and maturation in certain animals (like in rats)
Yolk sac
Provides nutrients for the offspring
Placenta
Hormone secretion, nutrient uptake, waste elimination, gas exchange
Levels of biodiversity
Genetic
Species
Ecosystems
Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat loss
Introduces species
Over exploitation
Species interactions
Interspecific Competition
Intraspecific Competition
Predation
Herbivory
Mechanisms of Evolution
Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift Non-random Mating Natural selection
Gene flow
The transfer of alleles from one population to another resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
Genetic Drift
A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
Natural Selection
A process by which individuals that have certain inherited traits ten to survive and reproduce at higher rates
HWE Requirements
Large population size
No natural selection, mutation, gene flow, or genetic drift
Random mating
Characteristics of a monocot
1 Cotyledon Leaf Venation is Parallel Vascular bundles are scattered Roots are fibrous Multiples of 3
Characteristics of a dicot
2 Cotyledons Leaf Venation is net-like Vascular bundles are arranged in ring Taproots present Multiples of 4 and 5
Monocot vs dicot roots
Dicot roots have the T in the center
Monocot have a ring of vascular bundles
