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bio 100 > bio-100 LAB exam 1 > Flashcards

bio-100 LAB exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

indirect observations

A

based on other data/secondary data we observe and make a conclusion.

example: survey

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2
Q

direct observations

A

something we saw and we concluded

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3
Q

why do we label stuff in the lab?

A

we label EVERYTHING so we know what is and is not hazardous and we also know what is what

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4
Q

how to get a sample non invasively?

A

get skin or hair or especially cheek cells.

cheek cells!

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5
Q

methylene blue

A

is a stain used to absorb dna because it does it very well. we use it to see the shape of a cell this way

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6
Q

dark center of a cell is a nuclei so…

A

the dna is found here

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7
Q

bacteria

A
  • single cell
  • pink or purple dye stain
  • circular/rounded shape
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8
Q

protis

A
  • single cell
  • usually have tails
  • movement/moves
  • causes disease
  • found usually in guts of animals
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9
Q

plantae

A
  • multicellular (producer)
  • stiff cell walls
  • brick like squares shape
  • sometimes can see spots
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10
Q

fungi

A
  • multicellular (producer)
  • rectangular with spots/ looks like a tree
  • purple/magenta stain
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11
Q

animalia

A
  • multicellular (consumer)

- blobs with dark centers (dark when stained with methylene blue

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12
Q

viruses are not organisms because

A

because they are not living. they need a host to “live”

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13
Q

protein

A
  • subunit: amino acids
  • does: workhorse of our cells/helps our cells function
  • example: hemoglobin (makes blood red)
  • energy source: 4 g/kj
  • structure: think of an open bracelet. just a ton of circles directly next to each other connected
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14
Q

lipids

A
  • subunit: glycerol
  • does: insulate cells
  • example: phosphobilipids
  • energy source: 9 g/kj
  • structure: think of a squid. the head is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic fatty acids.
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15
Q

carbohydrates (sugars)

A
  • subunit: glucose
  • does: energy source for cells and body
  • example: fructose
  • energy source: 4 g/kj
  • structure: 4 Cs surrounded by 10 Hs
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16
Q

nucleic acid

A
  • subunit: nucleotide
  • does: stores info into cells
  • example: dna
  • energy source: o g/kj
  • strucutre:sugar – phosphate
    I
    base
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17
Q

iodine reagent

A

tests for starch. turns yellow/brown to dark blue

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18
Q

biuret reagent

A

tests for protein. turns light blue to purple

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19
Q

benedict reagent

A

tests for sugar and goes into hot water bath. turns light blue to red

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20
Q

how to test for lipids

A

add in water and see if it floats/ see if it is soluble

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21
Q

how to test for carbs

A

starch: iodine
sugars: benedict

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22
Q

calories

A

small c. the energy required to heat up 1 ml of water up 1 degrees celsius

23
Q

Calories

A

big c. dietary calories/ how much energy is in the food we eat.

24
Q

how to test for nucleic acids

A

use methylene blue

25
Q

enzymes

A
  • are globular proteins
  • high temps = damage/change to structure
  • low temp = less active
  • can be proteins or not
  • can be rna (nucleic acid) based
  • ENZYMES FUNCTION BASED ON ITS STRUCTURE
  • INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION = INCREASE IN ACTIVITY (UNTIL PLATUE)
26
Q

MAKE SURE TO STUDY USING BOOK TO SEE STRUCTURE OF AN ENXYME AND DRAW IT

A

kk

27
Q

exam question: enxymes

A
  • neutral pH (7) is best
  • best at higher concentration
  • at 38 degrees celsius (body temp)
  • enzymes found in digestive thrive in acidic pH
  • enzymes found blood thrive in basic pH
28
Q

most of the body has a

A

neutral pH

29
Q

how do cells communicate with eachother?

A

it depends on how many enzymes/signal molecules are made. chemical signals are sent by the producing cell

30
Q

amylase

A

breaks down starch into glucose.

ph 7 and temp 38 degrees celsius

31
Q

formula of substrate to products

A

enzymes
substrate ——> products
temp/ph

32
Q

discussions question 1: on most boxes of gelatin, there is a warning against using fresh pineapples or pineapple juice. why is this?

A

Pineapple has enzymes that will dissolve gelatin. The results, using fresh pineapple, would be an unjelled watery mixture. However, heat inactivates these enzymes, so using pineapple in canned form is successful.

33
Q

discussion question 2: what other substance could you test for in this assay to determine whether the amylase was working?

A

amylase is the enzyme and starch is the substrate

so idk maybe carbohydrates???? fructose?

34
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

cells

35
Q

To which kingdom do single celled organisms with considerable internal complexity belong?

A

prokaryotes

36
Q

What is/are the difference/s between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes

Prokaryotes only have one chromosome

37
Q

List the four steps in the scientific method.

A

Observe
Formulate hypothesis
Test hypothesis
interpret

38
Q

Formulate a hypothesis for determining the beneficial effect of a nutritional substance.

A

This nutritional substance will offer a beneficial effect than when one does not consume it

39
Q

Define dependent and independent variable

A

Dependent variable: Is what is being altered
Independent variable: Is not being altered but what is being used to possibly change the dependent variable. Causes a change in the dependent variable

40
Q

List three criteria for judging the reliability of a scientific report.

A

Accuracy
Logical
Imperical

41
Q

Name three cellular structures and summarize their functions.

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus
mitochondria

42
Q

List the three domains and five kingdoms of life.

A 
5 kingdom     
Bacteria
Protis
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

3 domains: Archea, bacteria, Eukarya

43
Q

What effect does a boiling temperature have on the rate of enzymatic reactions?

A

Destroys the enzyme

44
Q

What two things could you measure to determine the rate of an enzymatic reaction?

A

Rate of appearance of reaction and rate of disappearance of reaction.

45
Q

How does an acid pH affect the reaction rate of amylase?

A

has to be neutral or close to neutral for it to work well

46
Q

is amylase a protein

A

yes

47
Q

Circle any that would be considered the substrate in our Enzyme experiment.

A

amylase
water
starch

48
Q

What is an “active site?”

A

Where the substrate fits into the enzyme

49
Q

Is the enzyme that breaks down milk sugar (lactose), called lactase, a protein?

A

Yes

50
Q

what letters usually end the names of enzymes

A

ase

51
Q

Amylose (the main component of starch) is a complex polysaccharide (a sugar). You can tell it is a “sugar” by what part of its name?

A

ose

52
Q

Cellulose is a very complex polysaccharide. Fructose, and sucrose are also saccharides (sugars). What common sugar is the breakdown product produced when amylase breaks down starch?

A

glucose

53
Q

Cooling solutions of enzymes doesn’t denature them. Why did this slow down your enzymatic reactions?

A

Less kinetic energy so the reaction slows down

54
Q

After they treat amylase with heat or change it’s pH, many people forget to put starch in their solutions just before they begin the timing assay. This mistake produces what kind of results?

A

No reaction would occur

bio 100 (8 decks)

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