bio 100 exam 3

Question 1

When did Earth form?

Answer 1

4.6 billion years ago

Question 2

When did Life form?

Answer 2

3.8 billion years ago

Question 3

When did Cambrian Diversification occur?

Answer 3

500 million years ago

Question 4

What is Cambrian Diversification?

Answer 4

The explosion of organisms multiplying and evolving.

Question 5

When did Humans form?

Answer 5

5-10 million years ago

Question 6

What is the Principle of Uniformitarianism?

Answer 6

The physical forces of nature now operating are timeless, and the fundamental laws of nature have remained unchanged.

Question 7

What is Gradualism?

Answer 7

The fact that the Earth is old and slow gradual processes that we see today could made large chagnes to the world (earthquakes, erosions, etc.)

Question 8

What can happen when species change?

Answer 8

The formation of new separate species.

Question 8

Who is Charles Lyell and what was his theory?

Answer 8

He was a geologist who made the Theory of Evolution: Species undergo modification through successive generations.

Question 9

What is the definition of species in simple terms?

Answer 9

Different kinds of organisms

Question 10

What qualifies as a Population?

Answer 10

ALl the indivudals of the same species occupying a specific area.

Question 11

What does Fitness refer to and what is it?

Answer 11

It refers to species and it’s a measure of successful reproduction represented in the next generation. (The # of their offspring in the next generation.

Question 12

What is Natural Selection?

Answer 12

An agent of evolution: the process by which a trait grants reproductive advantage/higher fitness to indivduals and spreads in a population over successive generations.

Question 13

What is Common Descent with Modification

Answer 13

all living organisms, past and present, share a common ancestor, but have diverged and changed over time.

Species undergo modification through successive generations

Question 14

What are the key ideas of evolutionary thinking?

Answer 14

• species are not fixed entities, but instead constantly undergoing modification and change.
• organisms today descended from other verities that existed before them.
• A single common ancestor lies at the base of the evolutionary tree.

Question 15

What does Potentional of Populations mean?

Answer 15

most populations are capable of producing more offpsring then can be supported by the environment.

exponential growth, variation in phenotypes (finches), and heritability

Question 16

What is Heritability?

Answer 16

A trait within an indivudal has a genetic basis and can be passed down to offspring.

Question 17

What leads to competition during natural selection?

Answer 17

more offsprings being produced than resources available.

Question 18

What are the 3 necessities for natural selection?

Answer 18

• competition
• heritability
• population

Question 19

How does competition affect some individuals?

Answer 19

Some will have an advantage because of physical and behavioral traits.

Question 20

What is Evolution and what exactly evolves over time?

Answer 20

The genetically based change of phenotype in a population over successive generations. Populations evolve.

Question 21

What are the 4 things necessary within a population for natural selection to occur?

Answer 21

• Competition
• Variation
• Heritability
• Higher Fitness

Question 22

Who developed the theory The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection?

Answer 22

Charles Darwin

Question 23

What did Charles Darwin do?

Answer 23

He developed existing ideas about descent with modification, perceived natural selection as a the primary force of descent with modification.

Question 24

Who developed the theory of Evolution?

Answer 24

Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 25

What is the Relationship between Darwin and Wallace?

Answer 25

They shared their ideas about evolution and wrote a conjoined paper.

Question 26

Who theorized that species were not fixed entities?

Answer 26

Lamarck a naturalist.

Question 27

Who theorized that poulation growth can outgrow resources?

Answer 27

Robert malthus a Demographer.

Question 28

Who said geological features are the product of scientific processes through long periods of time?

Answer 28

Charles Lyell a geologist.

Question 29

Who believed in decent with modification and the incorrect idea of the evolution of acquired traits?

Answer 29

Lamarck.

Question 30

What are the 5 agents of evolution? | (the processes that cause evolution)

Answer 30

- Natural Selection - Sexual Selection - Gene flow - Genetic drift - Mutation

Question 31

What is a mutation? Which types benefit evolution?

Answer 31

It's a change in the DNA sequence, where new gentic information is generated. Beneficial mutations are the building blocks of evolution.

Question 32

What is Gene Flow?

Answer 32

The movement of existing alleles from one population to another by dispersal. | Dispersal - the movement of individuals from one population to another.

Question 33

What is Genetic Drift?

Answer 33

A random chance alteration of allele frequencies in a population. | Founder effect

Question 34

What is Founder Effect?

Answer 34

When new population is started by a few individuals that are not representative of genetic diversity in the original population. (spotted red toads 2:1, 1:3, 0:4) ## Footnote A group move to another location starting another population full of once minorities, they're now the majority.

Question 35

What is Population Bottleneck?

Answer 35

Following population decline due to a physical interference, surviving individuals do not represtn genetic diversity of the original population. (Elephant Seals) | Not natural selection becuase survival is random.

Question 36

What is Sexual Selection?

Answer 36

Differential reproductive success based on differences in the success of obtaining mates. | FInding the mate with the most advantages for offspring.