bio 100 exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the characteristics of a Neutron?
A
No charge, has mass, number can change.
2
Q
What are the characteristics of a Proton?
A
Positive Charge, has mass, used to determine identity (atomic #).
3
Q
What are the characteristics of an Electron?
A
Negative Charge, mass is negligible, number can change.
4
Q
Define a Covalent Bond.
A
When 2 or more atoms share electrons in their outermost shells.
Strongest.
5
Q
Define a Hydrogen Bond.
A
The attraction between a positively charged hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom.
Weak.
6
Q
Define an Ionic Bond.
A
The mutual attraction of oppositely charged (- or +) charged ions.
Strong.
7
Q
How many electrons can the inner shell hold?
A
Up to 2.
8
Q
How many electrons can the outer shells hold?
A
Up to 8.
9
Q
What is Linnean Taxonomy?
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
10
Q
What is Taxonomy?
A
The science of classifying and naming organisms.
11
Q
What are buffers?
A
Substances that keep pH from changing.
12
Q
What are the 3 Domains?
A
Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea.
13
Q
What are the 3 major types of bonds?
A
Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen.
14
Q
What are the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms?
A
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists.
15
Q
What are the characteristics of a living organism?
A
Organisms are composed of cells, contain unique molecular compositions, respond to their external environment, maintain homeostasis, use energy and raw materials, grow and reproduce, and populations are capable of evolving.
16
Q
What are the elements of CHNOPS?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.
17
Q
What are the levels of biological organization?
A
Atoms, cells, tissue, organs, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem, biosphere.
18
Q
What are the properties of Water?
A
Cohesion, Adhesion, High specific heat, High heat of vaporization.
19
Q
What are Valence Electrons?
A
Electrons in the outermost shell.
20
Q
What does the Atomic Number represent?
A
The number of Protons.
21
Q
What is a Base?
A
any substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water.
EX: NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide).
22
Q
What is a stable atom? Give examples.
A
An atom with the same amount of electrons and protons.
Ex: Hydrogen and Carbon.
23
Q
What is an Acid?
A
Anything that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when placed in water.
EX: Hydrogen Chloride.
24
Q
What is an Atom?
A
The smallest particle of an element.
25
What is an Element?
Pure form of matter containing 1 kind of atom.
26
What is an Ion?
A charged atom.
27
What is Atomic Mass?
The number of Protons and Neutrons.
28
What is Matter?
A physical substance that takes up space and has mass.
29
What is pH?
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
30
What is the number of elements important to life?
25.
31
What is the pH of blood?
7.4.
32
What is the range of pH?
What's the most acidic and what's the most basic?
0-14; 0 = most acidic, 14 = most basic.
33
What is the strongest bond?
A Covalent Bond.
34
What is the Taxonomy of Humans?
Domain = Eukaryota
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Primata
Family = Hominidae
Genus = Homo
Species = sapiens
35
What is the Taxonomy of the Black Bear?
Domain = Eukaryota
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Carnivora
Family = Ursidae
Genus = Ursus
Species = americanus
36
What is the Taxonomy of the Brown Bear?
Domain = Eukaryota
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Carnivora
Family = Ursidae
Genus = Ursus
Species = arctos
37
What is the taxonomy of the Gray Wolf?
Domain = Eukaryota
Kingdom = Animalia
Phylum = Chordata
Class = Mammalia
Order = Carnivora
Family = Canidae
Genus = Canis
Species = Lupus.
38
What percentage of water are terrestrial plants made up of?
90% water.
39
What percentage of water is a Vertebrate Animal made up of?
60 - 80% water.
40
Why do atoms form bonds?
to be at a more stable energy state.
41
What are the 4 biological molecules ?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
42
What's another name for simple carbohydrates, give an example
Monosaccarides
Glucose
43
Whats another name for complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
44
What is Dehydration Synthesis
Synthesizing new molecules by taking away water and making a bond between a growing molecule and a monomer.
45
What is Hydrolysis
Breaking apart molecules by adding water to disrupt the bond between the monomers.
46
What are proteins and what are they made of?
molecules that facilitate bioloigcal functions that are made of peptides.
47
48
What is a Polar Molecule?
A polar molecule is one that has a positive side and a negative side.
49
What is a Nonpolar molecule?
A molecule that has both sides as one charg either (-,-) or (+,+).
50
Hydrophilic
"water loving" compounds that readily interact with water.
51
Hydrophobic
"water hating" compounds that water forms around.
52
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
The process of new molecules being synthesized by TAKING AWAY WATER and making a bond between a growing molecule and a monomer
| synthesizing a molecule by taking away water and making a new bond
53
What is Hydrolysis
Breaking apart molecules by ADDING WATER to disrupt the bond between the monomers.
54
What is the job of enzymes?
to quicken chemical reactions.
55
How many amino acids are there?
20
56
What are the 2 types of amino acids? How are they obtained?
Nonessential - synthesized within the body
Essential - obtained through food
57
What are the 4 protein levels of structure?
Primary, seconday, tertiary, and quarternary
58
What are the 4 biological molecules?
Carbohydtares, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
59
What are the major uses of lipids (fatty acids)?
- Energy source and storage
- Insulation
- Protection
60
Strucute of Saturated Fatty Acids
There are no double bond between carbons so they are not
flexible.
61
Structure of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
There are double bonds between the carbons which causes changes in the shape making them bend.
62
What are Triglycerides?
3 fatty acids bound to glycerol.
## Footnote
the most common fat consumed in food
63
Structure of a Phospholipids
a fat with a phosphate group, a hydrophilic head with 3 hydrophobic tails. These are what a phospholipid bilayer is made out of.
64
What are Nucleuotides and what do they do?
They are small molecules that transfer energy within cells and store and transmit genetic information.
65
What is the process of Cellular Energy Transfer?
| Cellular Respiration
Cells acquiring energy from the breakdown of energy rich molecules like glucose
66
What's the difference between Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Adenside Diphosphate (ADP)? Where are the energy supplies coming from?
ATP has 3 phosphates while ADP only has 2.
ATP is energy from sunlight/food and ADP is energy available for cellular work.
67
What are the 4 nucleotide bases?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
68
What does it mean to have a selectively permeable membrane?
What goes in and out of the membrane is regulated
69
What is a plasma membrane?
The outer surface of a cell with a selectively permeable membrane.
70
What are the functions of the Plasma Membrane?
- Regulates the movement of things going in and out
- recognizes whether body cells or invaders are entering/leaving.
- Cell to Cell communication (receptors transmitting messages)
- Cell to Cell adhesion (attaching cells to one another especially whe forming tissues and organs.
71
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of SOLUTE from high to low concentration.
72
What is Osmosis?
The movement of water from high to low concentration.
73
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
The movement of a substance from high to low centration using a carrier protein.
74
What is Active Transport?
the movement of substances across the plasma membrane from lower to higher concentration with the aid of carrier proteins and energy from the cell.
75
What is Endocytosis?
The movement of large molecule or large amount of molecules into a cell.
76
What is Exocytosis?
The movement of large amounts of substances or large substances out of a cell.
77
What are the organelles within cells and their functions?
Plasma membrane - the outer shell of a cell regulating what goes in and out
Nucleus - contains genetic information
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - modifies proteins made by ribosomes
Golgi Complex - receives proteins and deicdes where their gonna go
Lysosomes - breakdown old organelles and invader cells
Mitochondria - provides energy needed for cellular functions
Cytoskeleton - uhh idk
78
Definition of Energy
The capacity to bring movement against an opposite force.
79
What are the 3 types of Energy?
- Potential (stored energy)
- Kinetic (energy in motion)
- Chemical
80
The process of how cells get energy from food.
We digest by breaking down macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbs) into simpler components (amino acids, fatty acods, glucose). We then absorb those components into the bloodstream that carries them to our cells where they are stored or used to make ATP.
| digest
absorb
extract
81
What are the 2 ways of breaking down Glucose (simple carbohydrate)?
- Cellular Respiration
- Fermentation
82
What is Photosynthesis and what's its equation?
- The process plants use to convert sunlight into chemical energy.
- Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) ----- Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2)
| ------- = sunlight
83
What is Cellular Respiration and its equation?
- the process where cells use energy from the breakdown of energy rich molecules
- Oxygen (6O2) + Glucose (C6H12O6) ------ Water (6H2O) + Carbon Dioxide (6CO2)
| ------ = ATP
84
What are the 2 Laws of Thermodynamics?
1. Energy can't be created nor destroyed, but transfered.
2. Energy is always lost during tranfers in the form of heat.
85
What are the 4 steps of Cellular Respiration? Which ones require oxygen?
1. Glycolysis - doesn't require oxygen
2. Transition Reaction - requires oxygen
3. Citric Acid Cycle - requires oxygen
4. Electron Transport Chain - requires oxygen
86
Explain Glycolysis
- Basically splits glucose into a small amount of carbon that are converted into pyruvate.
- doesn't require oxygen, but requires 2 ATP to split, and ultimately produces 4 ATP.
| Basically splits glucose into a bunch of carbon that turns into pyruvate
87
What is the job of electron carrier's?
they carry energy rich electrons to the Electron Transport Chain.
88
Explain Transition Reaction.
- Basically the pyruvate reacts with a coenzyme (CoA) and from it NADH is produced from each pyruvate.
- the products are CoA and NADH
89
Explain the Citric Acid Cycle.
Completes the loss of electrons from glucose and yields two molecules of ATP.
90
Explain Electron Transport Chain.
Protein pumps receive high energy electrons and pushes H+ into the outer part of the mitochondria. Through ATP synthase the H+ flow down the gradient to make ATP. Low energy electrons are then given to oxygen to make water, or else it'll become clogged and shut down (die).
| H+ = hydrogen ions
91
What is the process of Fermentation.
the breakdown of glucose without oxygen, so glycolysis modified.
92
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation
This occurs in our muscles during strenious exercises. Oxygen in the muscles runs low and can't be replaced quickly enough, so cells allow lactic acid fermentation to occur in order to ensure continued prouction of ATP.
93
What is the atomic make up of Oxygen?
8 electrons
8 protons
8 neutrons
94
What is the atomic make up of Chlorine
17 electrons
17 protons
18 neutrons
95
What is the atomic make up of Sodium?
11 electrons
11 protons
12 neutrons
