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bio 100 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Meiosis

A

Meiosis is the cell division of sex cells.

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2
Q

What does Meiosis produce?

A

The end product of meiosis are 4 gametes (sperm or egg) that are haploid. They are genetically dissimilar.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

To selectively reduce the number of chromosomes in gametes. This increases genetic diversity due to the random selection of chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is a Zygote?

A

The formation of sperm and egg coming together.

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5
Q

What are the 4 main nucleotides?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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6
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

A long polymer, sequence of nucleotides that are blueprints for proteins.

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A specific segment of DNA that determines a specific protein.

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8
Q

What is the process of Translation?

A

The RNA taken to the ribosome is translated into a chain of amino acids using codons that form a protein.

Converting the information in RNA into an amino acid chain or protein

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9
Q

What is the process of Transcription?

A

DNA transcribes its information into RNA, RNA then carries this information from the nucleus to a Ribosome, then translation begins. mRNA is formed from DNA.

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10
Q

What is a Codon?

A

3 base nucleotides that code for specific amino acids.

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11
Q

What is a Chromatin?

A

The loose form of DNA

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12
Q

What is the structure of a Chromosome?

A

a tightly coiled DNA molecule with special protiens called histones.

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13
Q

What is the process of DNA synthesis?

A

Chromatin is replicated producing sister chromatids, which are joined at the center by a centromere.

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14
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Cells divide for:
- development & growth (meiosis)
- replacement & repair (mitosis)

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15
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The division of somatic cells that results in genetically identical daughter cells.

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16
Q

What are the 2 phases of Mitosis?

A

Interphase and M-phase

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17
Q

What occurs during interphase?

A

During interphase the cell is returning to its normal size, DNA is synthesized (chromatins are replicated).

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18
Q

What occurs during M-phase?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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19
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Replication stops and chromatids condense, nuclear membrane begins to break down. Spindle fibers grow from the centrioles and the centrioles migrate to opposite polls of the cell.

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20
Q

What occurs during Metaphase?

A

The spindle fibers attach to each chromosomatid and the chromosomatids align in the middle of the cell.

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21
Q

What occurs during Anaphase?

A

The sister chromatids are pulled apart to form separate identical chromosomes. They are pulled to opposite sides of the poles.

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22
Q

What occurs during Telophase and Cytokinesis?

A

The spindle fiberes detach from the chromatids and a two individual nuclear envelopes begin to form. Finally two daughter cells are formed that are now in interphase again.

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23
Q

What is the product of Mitosis?

A

2 genetically identical daugther cells.

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23
Q

How many Chromosomes are in a haploid cell?

A

23 chromosomes.

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23
How many chromosomes are in a Diploid cell?
46 chromosomes.
24
What are Homologue Pairs?
2 chromosomes, 1 per parental source with genes for the same traits in the same exact order, they may have different versions of the same gene.
25
What are alleles?
Different forms of a specific gene.
26
How many cell divisions occur in Meiosis and what are they?
2 cell divisions occur, Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2.
27
What occurs during Meiosis 1?
Homologous chromosomes separate into 2 haploid cells, before they separate they crossover exchanging DNA segments.
28
What occurs during Meiosis 2?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart and 4 haploid daughter cells are formed that eventually form into gametes.
29
What does the term crossing-over mean?
It's the exchange of genetic information between non-sister chromatids.
30
What is nondisjunction?
Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids during meiosis 2.
31
What does nondisjunction result in?
Gametes having an abnormal number of chromosomes. 
32
What is Spermatogenesis?
The process in wihch sperm cells are produced. More specifically it reduces the number of chromosomes and changes its shape to make it an efficient 'vehicle'.
33
What is Oogenesis?
Oogenesis is the production of an egg or ovum.
34
Why is an inbalance in chromosome numbers bad?
This can cause abnormalities within devlopment. Most result in death, but others result in syndromes like Down Syndrome.
35
How many genes are there?
Anywhere form 20,000 - 25,000.
36
Characteristics of Down Syndrome.
- 47 chromosomes - Chromosome 21 has 3 instead of 2
36
What is a Phenotype?
The physical expression of proteins, the traits or characteristics of an organism.
37
What is the Dogma of gene expression?
DNA --- RNA --- Protein
38
What does Homozygous and Heterozygous refer to?
These terms refer to alleles: - homozygous = the same allele (R,R) (r,r) - heterozygous = different alleles (R,r)
39
What is incomplete dominance?
Each allele provides some expression to the offspring (R = red, r = white, so R,r = pink)
40
If most genes have more than 2 alleles (XX,YY), but no human can have more than 2, where are the other 2 from?
They come from the other person they have intercourse with.
41
What is Codominance?
Codominance is when an individual expresses both alleles (AB blood).
42
What is Complete Dominance?
When an individual expresses only the dominant trait.
43
What are phenotypic expressions strongly influened by?
Ones environment.
44
What is the result of environmental influences and genes being made up of multiple alleles?
The result is a wider variety of phenotypic variation.
45
What is DNA Replication (Synthesis)?
When DNA makes a copy of itself forming sister chromatids.
46
What are the building blocks for proteins?
Amino acids.
47
What is the structure of DNA?
A long polymer made of nucleotides with phosphates and sugars providing the backbone and hydrogen bond between each nitrogenous pair.
48
What is a Homologous Pair?
2 chromosomes, 1 from each paternal source that carry the same genes in the same order.
49
What is the function of RNA Polymerase?
to move along a strand of DNA, unwind it and link the complimentary RNA bases to the DNA bases.
49
What is the Promoter Region?
It's a sequence of bases that indicate where transcription should start.
50
What is the process of mRNA editing?
mRNA gets modified by enzymes before leaving the nucleus. Introns within the mRNA are taken out and what's left is what we call exons or the expressed sequences.
50
What are Introns?
regions of the mRNA that don't code for a protein.
51
What are Exons?
the remaining segment of mRNA that has gone through modification.
52
What is the function of mRNA?
To carry DNA instructions for proteins out of the nucleus and to a ribosome.
53
What is the function of rRNA?
To combine with proteins in order to form a ribosome.
54
What is a ribosome?
A machine where protein synthesis occurs made from rRNA and proteins.
55
What is the function of tRNA?
To bind an amino acid to the ribosome where it attaches to a codon of the mRNA.
56
What is an Anticodon?
It's 3 nucleotides on the tRNA that reads the language of the mRNA by biding with the codon.
57
What is the product of translation?
An amino acid chain.
58
What is DNA Polymerase?
DNA polymerase is a site where DNA is replicated using an unwinding system.
59
DNA replication process is highly precise, but...
Sometimes errors occur.
60
What is a Gene mutation?
Changes in DNA sequence that are caused by faulty replication.
60
How do muations affect somatic cells?
It effects the cells function and the functions of the daughter cells.
61
How do mutations affect sex cells?
Mutation can be passed to offspring.
62
What are point mutations?
They are errors in one or few nucnucleotides. This mutation does not affect the resulting protein function.
63
What are Deletion Mutations?
The loss of one or few bases, also cause a frame shift causing the protein to be read wrong.
63
What are Insertion Mutations?
The addition of one or few bases, this causes a frame shift causing the protein to be read wrong.
64
What are Duplication Mutations?
A whole gene gets copied, leading to new traits ex: color blindness.
65
What is the consequence of a silent mutation?
The mutation doesn't change the amino acid sequence.
66
What's the consequence of a harmless mutation?
It changes the amino acid sequence but not the resulting protein.
67
What is an Altered Protein Function?
When a new protein structure does not work as well, it's degraded.
68
What mutation causes Sickle Cell Anemia?
Point Mutation causes sickel cell anemia.
69
What is the destruction of a protein function?
When point mutation causes improper folding of the protein.
70
What is Cancer?
The uncontrolled cell division of your body cells, (Uncontrolled Mitosis).
71
What's the latin term for tumor?
Carcinoma in situ.
72
What's a malignant tumor?
A cancerous tumor that attacks the blood supply and invades surrounding tissues by spreading to multiple locations of the body.
73
What does it mean for a tumor to metastasize?
When a tumor travels through the blood and lymphatic systems and starts to grow more tumors.
74
What are the regulations healthy cells follow for self-regulation?
- When to divide - When to stay in place - when to self-destruct - checking for errors
75
How many types genes regulate cell divison and what are they?
2 types of genes regualte cell division: - Protooncogens - Tumor-Suppresor Genes
76
What is the function of Protooncogenes?
These genes stimulate cell division.
77
What is the function of Tumor-Suppresor Genes?
These genes inhibit cell division.
78
What happens if there is a mutation within the protooncogens?
It leads to cells that uncontrollably grow, which can lead to cancer.
79
What happens if there is a mutation within the Tumor-Suppressor Genes?
They will fail to detect damaged DNA and will fail to suppress cell division.
80
What causes cancer?
Gene mutations that produce proteins that malfunction.
81
What does gene 'p53' produce?
This gene produces proteins that inhibit cell division, specifically damaged DNA.
82
What happens if there is a mutation in 'p53'?
The cells are free to divide because 'p53' is not there to inhibit the cell division.
83
How does cancer kill?
It interferes with normal somatic cells and blocks vital pathways in organ systems.
84
What are Benign tumors?
Abnormal masses growing in the body that stay in one place. Non-cancerous.

bio 100 (3 decks)

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