Big sys patho Flashcards
Complications of Infective Endocarditis?
Valve rupture
Myocardial ring abscess
Suppurative pericarditis
what is minimum volume of blood for culture?
10ml
Signs of Squamous Cell CA of Lung
Undergo central cavitation
Preceded by squamous metaplasia/dysplasia
Local effects of Lung cancer?
Dysphagia
Dyspnea - obstruct airways
Hoarseness
Press on Superior Vena Cava
Diaphragm paralysis due to phrenic nerve
Horner’s Syndrome
Ulceration -> bleeding, haemotypsis
Complications of Crohn’s?
Stricture
Fissures and fistulas
Pericolic abscesses
Perforation, peritonitis
Nutritional deficiencies
Risk of malignancy
Complications of Ulcerative Colitis?
Malignancy
Nutritional deficiencies
Toxic megacolon
How to classify early gastric CA?
Invasion no deeper than submucosa, regardless of LN mets.
Sites of early gastric CA?
Pylorus and antrum > Cardia
Lesser curve > Greater curve
Possible pathosis of gastric CA?
Chronic gastritis causes chronic mucosal inflammation.
This causes mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia -> dysplasia -> Cancer
Gross of Colorectal Cancer?
Polypoidal, Fungating or ulcerative
Where are lesions in Colorectal Cancer?
Larger tumours predominated in proximal colon.
Circumferential growth or apple core lesions commoner in distal colon. Encircling lesions that produce so-called napkin ring constrictions of bowel.
Clinicals of CRC?
Abdominal Pain
Asymptomatic
Anemia
Bleeding pulse rate
Change in bowel habits
Fistulation
Strictures - Obstruction
Weight loss
Weakness
Others
Criteria for Acute Liver Failure?
Onset of Hepatic Encephalopathy within 6 months after diagnosis.
Clinicals of Acute liver failure?
Coagulopathy
Jaundice
Portal HTN - Edema, ascites, varices, haemorrhoids, splenomegaly
Hyperestrinism - gynaecomastia
Impaired Detox - Hepatic Encephalopathy, Hepatorenal syndrome, Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Hypoalbuminemia
Leading causes of chronic liver failure?
Hep B
Hep C
NAFLD
ALD
Terminal events of Cirrhosis?
Hepatic encephalopathy
Bleeding from esophageal varices
Bacterial infections
Pathosis of NAFLD?
Insulin resistance - dysfunctional lipid metabolism with inflammatory cytokines
Oxidative injury - Fat laden hepatocytes susceptible to injury from lipid peroxidation products
Pathosis of ALD?
- Steatohepatitis
- Mitochondrial and cellular membrane dysfunction
- Hypoxia and oxidative injury
- Inflammatory response
- Low hepatic sinusoidal perfusion
Micro of ALD?
Centrilobular steatosis
Hepatocyte swelling and necrosis
Mallory-Denk bodies
Neutrophilic reaction
Pericellular/perisinusoidal fibrosis
Cirrhosis
Diagnostic criteria for Metabolic associated FLD?
Steatosis + 1/3 of
Obesity
T2DM
Clinical sign of metabolic dysfunction e.g. waist circumference
Pathosis of Portal HTN?
- Increased resistance at hepatic sinusoids - vasoconstriction, disrupted blood flow by scarring
- Increased blood flow through portal veins - hyperdynamic circulation
Complications of Cholestasis?
Vit ADEK deficiencies
Pruritus, skin xanthomas
Intestinal malabsorption
What does primary hepatolithiasis cause?
Causes repeated bouts of ascending cholangitis, progressive inflammatory destruction and scarring of hepatic parenchyma.
Predispose to cholangioCA.
How death HCC cause death?
Cachexia
Bleeding from esophageal varices
Liver failure/hepatic coma
Tumour rupture with fatal haemorrhage
