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Big sys patho Flashcards

1
Q

Complications of Infective Endocarditis?

A

Valve rupture
Myocardial ring abscess
Suppurative pericarditis

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2
Q

what is minimum volume of blood for culture?

A

10ml

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3
Q

Signs of Squamous Cell CA of Lung

A

Undergo central cavitation
Preceded by squamous metaplasia/dysplasia

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4
Q

Local effects of Lung cancer?

A

Dysphagia
Dyspnea - obstruct airways
Hoarseness
Press on Superior Vena Cava
Diaphragm paralysis due to phrenic nerve
Horner’s Syndrome
Ulceration -> bleeding, haemotypsis

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5
Q

Complications of Crohn’s?

A

Stricture
Fissures and fistulas
Pericolic abscesses
Perforation, peritonitis
Nutritional deficiencies
Risk of malignancy

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6
Q

Complications of Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Malignancy
Nutritional deficiencies
Toxic megacolon

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7
Q

How to classify early gastric CA?

A

Invasion no deeper than submucosa, regardless of LN mets.

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8
Q

Sites of early gastric CA?

A

Pylorus and antrum > Cardia
Lesser curve > Greater curve

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9
Q

Possible pathosis of gastric CA?

A

Chronic gastritis causes chronic mucosal inflammation.
This causes mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia -> dysplasia -> Cancer

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10
Q

Gross of Colorectal Cancer?

A

Polypoidal, Fungating or ulcerative

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11
Q

Where are lesions in Colorectal Cancer?

A

Larger tumours predominated in proximal colon.
Circumferential growth or apple core lesions commoner in distal colon. Encircling lesions that produce so-called napkin ring constrictions of bowel.

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12
Q

Clinicals of CRC?

A

Abdominal Pain
Asymptomatic
Anemia
Bleeding pulse rate
Change in bowel habits
Fistulation
Strictures - Obstruction
Weight loss
Weakness
Others

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13
Q

Criteria for Acute Liver Failure?

A

Onset of Hepatic Encephalopathy within 6 months after diagnosis.

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14
Q

Clinicals of Acute liver failure?

A

Coagulopathy
Jaundice
Portal HTN - Edema, ascites, varices, haemorrhoids, splenomegaly
Hyperestrinism - gynaecomastia
Impaired Detox - Hepatic Encephalopathy, Hepatorenal syndrome, Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Hypoalbuminemia

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15
Q

Leading causes of chronic liver failure?

A

Hep B
Hep C
NAFLD
ALD

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16
Q

Terminal events of Cirrhosis?

A

Hepatic encephalopathy
Bleeding from esophageal varices
Bacterial infections

17
Q

Pathosis of NAFLD?

A

Insulin resistance - dysfunctional lipid metabolism with inflammatory cytokines
Oxidative injury - Fat laden hepatocytes susceptible to injury from lipid peroxidation products

18
Q

Pathosis of ALD?

A
  1. Steatohepatitis
  2. Mitochondrial and cellular membrane dysfunction
  3. Hypoxia and oxidative injury
  4. Inflammatory response
  5. Low hepatic sinusoidal perfusion
19
Q

Micro of ALD?

A

Centrilobular steatosis
Hepatocyte swelling and necrosis
Mallory-Denk bodies
Neutrophilic reaction
Pericellular/perisinusoidal fibrosis
Cirrhosis

20
Q

Diagnostic criteria for Metabolic associated FLD?

A

Steatosis + 1/3 of
Obesity
T2DM
Clinical sign of metabolic dysfunction e.g. waist circumference

21
Q

Pathosis of Portal HTN?

A
  1. Increased resistance at hepatic sinusoids - vasoconstriction, disrupted blood flow by scarring
  2. Increased blood flow through portal veins - hyperdynamic circulation
22
Q

Complications of Cholestasis?

A

Vit ADEK deficiencies
Pruritus, skin xanthomas
Intestinal malabsorption

23
Q

What does primary hepatolithiasis cause?

A

Causes repeated bouts of ascending cholangitis, progressive inflammatory destruction and scarring of hepatic parenchyma.
Predispose to cholangioCA.

24
Q

How death HCC cause death?

A

Cachexia
Bleeding from esophageal varices
Liver failure/hepatic coma
Tumour rupture with fatal haemorrhage

25
Q

Which epithelium does RCC arise form?

A

Kidney tubular epithelium

26
Q

Cause of RCC?

A

Sporadic OR a/w VHL syndrome

27
Q

Clinicals of RCC?

A

Painless haematuria
Mass in flank
Fever due to necrosis

28
Q

Gross of RCC?

A

Solitary, unilateral with circumscribed appearance.

29
Q

Micro of RCC?

A

Polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm
Delicate vascular architecture
Invasion of renal vein common

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