Big Question Bank Flashcards
What is the key advantage of non-screen film?
a) Fast processing
b) Fine detail
c) Less exposure to x-rays
d) Gross detail
B)fine detail
Where is the RPS based?
a) External to the practice
b) Within a practice in the local area
c) Within the practice
d) At the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
C)within the practice
Which is the developing agent which reduces silver bromide during processing?
a) Ammonium thiosulphate
b) Phenidone
c) Acetone
d) Propofol
B)phenidone
Underdevelopment of a film will produce an x-ray that is:
a) Too pale
b) Too dark
c) Of too high contrast
d) Of little definition
A)too pale
Which of the following disciplines is equine scintigraphy most used for?
a) Hepatic
b) Orthopaedic
c) Haematology
d) Paediatric
B)orthopaedic
Which ONE of the following substances is commonly used in protective clothing?
a) Tungsten
b) Lead
c) Aluminium
d) Copper
B)lead
What percentage of energy is lost in heat production when x-rays are formed?
a) 1%
b) 9%
c) 79%
d) 99%
D)99%
Which ultrasound technique is used to determine blood flow?
a) B Mode
b) A Mode
c) Drogbar
d) Doppler
D)doppler
The speed of intensifying screens is enhanced by having a:
a) small screen size
b) thin layer of phosphor salts
c) thin fluorescent layer of small crystals
d) thick fluorescent layer of large crystals
D)thick fluorescent layer of large crystals
What does the penumbra effect refer to?
a) A fuzzy halo around the area of interest or image
b) Darkening of the film
c) Blurring at the edges of the film
d) Lack of contrast
A)fuzzy halo around the area of interest or image
Which is the “fixing agent” used in a fixer?
a) Ammonium chloride
b) Ammonium thiosulphate
c) Potassium hydroxide
d) Sodium acetate
B)ammonium thiosulphate
What does MPD stand for?
a) Major Permissible Dose
b) Maximum Patient Dose
c) Maximum Pregnant Dose
d) Maximum Permissible Dose
D)maximum permissible dose
Which of the following is considered a stochastic effect of radiation?
a) Cataracts
b) Genetic mutation of cells of the gonads
c) Jaundice
d) Radiation burns
B)genetic mutation of cells of the gonands
Scintigraphy primarily gives information relating to:
a) Foetal development
b) Organ and tissue function
c) Genetic make-up
d) Anatomy
B)organ and tissue function
When the x-ray machine is “prepared”:
a) Electrons bombard the target
b) A high kilovoltage is passed from cathode to anode
c) The filament heats up and the anode rotates
d) X-rays are emitted from the tube head
C)the filament heats up and the anode rotates
If the kV is raised by 10 to 70kV and the mA is 20 what effect will this have on the exposure?
a) 80kV and 10mA
b) 80kV and 60mA
c) 70kV and 10mA
d) 70kV and 40mA
C)70kv and 10mA
What is a latent image?
a) An image on the film after processing
b) Calcium tungstate crystals in the film’s emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy before processing
c) Silver halide crystals in the film’s emulsion that have been exposed to radiant energy before processing
d) An image on the film before processing
D)An image on the film before processing
An x-ray film that you have processed is too dark. How would you correct this error?
a) Increase development time
b) Increase the kV
c) Reduce the exposure time
d) Reduce the film/focal time
C)reduce the exposure time
The anode of the x-ray tube head attracts:
a) Protons
b) Electrons
c) Atoms
d) Neutrons
B)electrons
Slow screen-film combinations:
a) Have large silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals
b) Have small silver halide crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
c) Have small silver nitrate crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
d) Have small silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals
C)have small silver nitrate crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
Which ONE of the following terms best describes the term “distally”
a) Towards the head
b) Towards the tail
c) Away from the nose
d) Away from the site of attachment
D)away from the site of attachment
Developer is: A)Strongly acidic B) Mildly acidic C) Neutral C) Alkaline
D)alkaline
Which ONE of the following has a higher atomic number than bone?
a) Gas
b) Fat
c) Soft tissue
d) Metal
D)metal
Which technique would be used to demonstrate joint space?
a) Fistulography
b) Arthrography
c) Bronchography
d) Venography
B)arthrography
X-rays are members of the:
a) Electro-magnetic spectrum
b) Radio wave spectrum
c) Electro-radiation spectrum
d) Radio frequency spectrum
A)electro magnetic spectrum
Which ONE of the following would NOT reduce fogging?
a) Collimate beam
b) Use of a grid
c) Correct development technique
d) Prolonged storage
D)prolonged storage
The target (anode) is set at which angle?
a) 20°
b) 25°
c) 30°
d) 35°
A)20
When positioning a dog for a BVA/Kennel Club hip radiograph, the beam should be centred on:
a) The acetabula
b) The pubic symphysis
c) The sacrum
d) The wings of ilium
B)the pubic symphysis
Which ONE of the following is NOT an advantage of rare earth screens?
a) Increased exposure time
b) Decreased patient dose
c) Improved image quality
d) Reduced tube current
A)increased exposure time
Which ONE of the following chemicals is NOT a constituent of the fixer?
a) Ammonium Thiosulphate
b) Boric Acid
c) Potassium Bromide
d) Sodium Acetate
C)postassium bromide
A tight fitting lid is needed on the developer within the automatic processor to prevent:
a) Diffusion
b) Reduction
c) Osmosis
d) Oxidation
D)oxidation
Lateral radiographs should be viewed so that:
a) The spine runs parallel to the top of the light box and the head points towards viewer’s left hand side
b) The spine runs vertically to the top of the light box and the head points towards the viewer’s right hand side
c) The spine runs parallel to the top of the light box, with the head pointing uppermost
d) The spine runs vertically to the top of the light box, with the head pointing downwards
A)the spine runs parallel to the top of the light and the head points towards viewes left hand side
The “subbing layer” of a piece of x-ray film could also be called the:
a) Adhesive layer
b) Emulsion layer
c) Protective layer
d) Film base
A)adhesive layer
Which of the following contrast media should be used for myelograms?
a) Sodium iothalmate
b) Iopamidol
c) Sodium ioxagate
d) Sodium diatrizoate
B)iopamidol
Which ONE of the following is the correct sequence when using an automatic processor?
a) Develop, fix, wash, dry
b) Fix, wash, developer, stop, dry
c) Develop, stop, fix, wash, dry
d) Wash, develop, stop, fix, dry
A)develop, fix, wash, dry
What does MRI stand for?
a) Medical Resonance Imaging
b) Magnetic Resonance Imaging
c) Medial Resonance Imaging
d) Magnetic Resistance Imaging
B)magnetic resonance imaging
In a typical practice the controlled area is within a _________radius from the primary beam
a) 6 metres
b) 4 metres
c) 2 metres
d) 0.5 metres
C) 2 metres
A radiograph requires an exposure of 20mAs when taken at a film focal distance of 90cm without a grid. What exposure will be required if a grid with a grid factor of 4 is used?a) 5mAs
b) 30mAs
c) 40mAs
d) 80mAs
D)80mAs
Which of the following positions is recommended for radiography when working with a dyspnoeic patient?
a) Left lateral recumbency
b) Right lateral recumbency
c) Sternal recumbency
d) Dorsal recumbency
C)sternal recumbency
Which one of the following is used as a filter to stop low energy x-rays leaving the tube window?
a) Copper
b) Lead
c) Aluminium
d) Tungsten
C)aluminium
A veterinary surgeon has performed a contrast study of the urethra by introducing contrast medium via a catheter. Which of the following terms would describe this technique?
a) Intravenous urography
b) Ureterography
c) Positive contrast cystography
d) Retrograde urethrography
D)retrograde urethrography
A dog’s metacarpal is radiographed using the following exposure factors: FFD = 70cm, kV = 45kV, mA = 20mA, time = 0.3 seconds. What are the new exposure factors if the time is increased to 0.4seconds?
a) FFD = 70cm, kV = 40kV, mA = 20mA
b) FFD = 70cm, kV = 45kV, mA = 15mA
c) FFD = 75cm, kV = 45kV, mA= 20mA
d) FFD = 70cm, kV = 45kV, mA = 27mA
B)FFD = 70CM, Kv = 45 kV, mA = 15mA
Altering which exposure factor will affect the quality of the x-ray beam produced?
a) mA
b) time
c) Film focal distance
d) kV
A)mA
All of the following are properties of x-rays except:
a) They travel in straight lines
b) The affect photographic emulsion
c) They can penetrate all materials to some degree
d) They can be reflected by some materials
C)they can penetrate all materials to some degree
Which statement is true about different types of grid?
a) Potter Bucky is a stationary grid
b) Parallel grids can result in grid cut off at the edge of the radiograph
c) Focused and pseudo-focused grids are the same type of grid
d) For all types of grid, the exposure factors needed are lower than without the grid
B)parallel grids can result in grid cut off at edge of the radiograph
Heat is lost in the rotating anode x-ray tube head by:
a) Conduction through copper
b) Convection through air
c) Radiation through the vacuum
d) Evaporation
A)conduction through copper
A vacuum is present in the tubehead to prevent:
a) scatter
b) absorption
c) damage to the tube
d) interactions in an inappropriate place
D)interactions in an inappropriate place
As the electrons reach the target, they produce x-rays by:
a) absorption
b) scatter
c) sudden braking
d) heating
C)sudden braking
When compared with bone, the attenuation of lung tissue is:
a) higher
b) lower
c) similar
d) identical
B)lower
Developer is:
a) Strongly acidic
b) Mildly acidic
c) Neutral
d) Alkaline
D)alkaline
Which ONE of the following has a higher atomic number than bone?
a) Gas
b) Fat
c) Soft tissue
d) Metal
D)metal
The safelight bulb must have a maximum wattage of:
a) 15
b) 25
c) 30
d) 60
A)15
The target (anode) is set at which angle?
a) 20°
b) 25°
c) 30°
d) 35°
A)20
When positioning a dog for a BVA/Kennel Club hip radiograph, the beam should be centred on:
a) The acetabula
b) The pubic symphysis
c) The sacrum
d) The wings of ilium
B)the pubic symphysis
The carpus is found in which part of the forelimb?
a) proximal
b) distal
c) medial
d) lateral
B)distal
Introduction of air into the bladder, followed by water soluble iodine-based contrast medium is known as:
a) Pneumocystogram
b) Vagino-urethrogram
c) Double contrast urethrogram
d) Double contrast cystogram
D)double contrast cystogram
Barium sulphate should not be used if a patient:
a) Has a suspected perforation
b) Has been sedated
c) Has a severe swallowing difficulty
d) All of the above
D)all of the above
If a grid factor of 3 was used, then:
a) 3 would represent the number of lines per cm
b) The difference between the height and width of the lead strips would be 3cm
c) The mAs should be multiplied by 3
d) The kV should be divided by 3
C)the mAs should be multiplied by 3
A relatively white X-ray image would be due to the tissue in question possessing:
a) a high atomic number
b) a low specific gravity
c) little fat
d) a low density
A)a high atomic number
The statement relating to digital radiography that is true is:-
a. A special X-ray machine is needed to take digital images
b. The digital image cannot be printed
c. An special imaging plate is needed to capture the image
d. Manipulation of the resultant image is not possible
C)a special imaging plate is needed to capture the image
A long-term effect of exposure to radiation is:-
a. Carcinogenesis
b. Nausea
c. Diarrhoea
d. Fever
A)carcinogenesis
A positive contrast cystogram describes a radiograph of the:-
a. Bladder using iodine as contrast medium
b. Urethra using iodine as contrast medium
c. Bladder using air as contrast medium
d. Urethra using air as contrast medium
A)bladder using iodine as contrast medium
A radiograph taken of the limb extremities in abduction means that the limb is:-
a. Fixed in its normal position
b. Moved towards the midline of the body
c. Drawn away from the midline of the body
d. Rotated internally
C)drawn away from the midline of the body
Gonadal exposure to radiation should be minimised to prevent:-
a. Erythema
b. Somatic effects
c. Genetic effects
d. Cataracts
C)genetic effects
Lithium fluoride crystals are found in:-
a. Intensifying screens
b. Fixer solution
c. Radiographic emulsion
d. Thermoluminescent dosimeters
D)thermoluminescent dosimeters
Radiographic definition is directly influenced by the:-
a. Wavelength of X-rays
b. mAs
c. Object-film distance
d. Tissue opacity
C)object film distance
The body tissues which are most radiosensitive are:-
a. Central nervous system organs
b. Blood-forming organs
c. Muscular organs
d. Solid visceral organs
B)blood forming organs
The cathode of the X-ray machine is:-
a. Negatively charged
b. Neutral
c. Positively charged
d. Angled at 20 degrees
A)negatively charged
Developer solution:-
a. Removes exposed silver halide from the film
b. Converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
c. Converts unexposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
d. Removes unexposed silver halide from the film
B)converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
The exposure factor that controls the penetrating power of the X-ray beam is the:-
a. Time
b. Kilovoltage
c. Milliamperage
d. Line voltage
B)kilovoltage
The invisible image produced in the film emulsion by exposure to radiation or light is called the:-
a. Radiologic image
b. Latent image
c. Manifest image
d. Photographic image
B)latent image
The mA primarily affects the:-
a. Radiographic contrast
b. Penetrating power of the X-rays
c. Wavelength of the X-rays
d. Blackness of the radiograph
D)blackness of the radiograph
The metal used for the target of the X-ray machine is:-
a. Aluminium
b. Copper
c. Tungsten
d. Lead
C)tungsten
The Radiation Protection Supervisor is a person:-
a. Who tests the X-ray monitoring badges
b. Designated to take X-rays
c. With experience and a degree in radiology but who does not work at the practice
d. Within the practice responsible for safe radiographic procedures
D)within the practice responsible for safe radiographic procedures
Exposure to radiation is measured in a dosemeter in:-
a. Millisieverts
b. Millirads
c. Millirems
d. Milligrays
A)millisieverts
When performing CT imaging, the ‘scout’ is the name given to the:-
a. Initial scan that plans positioning
b. Scan of the tissues adjacent to the area of interest
c. Individual slice within each scan
d. Series of scans produced
A)initial scan that plans positioning
When the filament of the cathode is heated:-
a. Neutrons are emitted
b. Atoms are emitted
c. X-rays are emitted
d. Electrons are emitted
D)electrons are emitted
When the size of the focal spot is decreased:-
a. The inverse square law should be applied
b. Penumbra will decrease
c. Penetrating power increases
d. Density will double
B)penumbra will decrease
When the X-ray machine is ‘prepared’ prior to exposure:-
a. The filament heats up and the anode rotates
b. X-rays are emitted from the tube head
c. A high kilovoltage is passed from cathode to anode
d. Electrons bombard the target
A)the filament heats up and the anode rotates
A radiograph demonstrating a complete lack of penumbra is described as being:-
a. Distorted
b. Magnified
c. Sharp in detail
d. Low in density
C)sharp in detail
A radiograph of the thorax should be taken:-
a. Using the longest exposure time possible
b. Using the slowest speed film and screen combination
c. On full inspiration
d. On full expiration
C)on full inspiration
A radiograph taken of the shoulder joint, using contrast medium, is an example of:-
a. Arthrography
b. Urethrography
c. Myelography
d. Angiography
A)arthrography
A radiograph taken using an mAs of 8 with the mA set at 50 will use an exposure time of:-
a. 0.58 second
b. 0.16 second
c. 0.32 second
d. 0.62 second
B)0.16 second
On ultrasound examination, fluid within the urinary bladder is described as being:-
a. Hypoechoic
b. Hyperechoic
c. Isoechoic
d. Anechoic
D)anechoic
A radiographic view of the scapula would include the:-
a. Acromion process
b. Transverse process
c. Coronoid process
d. Anconeal process
A)acromion process
Computer aided tomography is carried out using:-
a. Magnetic waves
b. X-rays
c. Radio waves
d. Gamma rays
B)x-rays
An intravenous contrast agent commonly used in MRI studies is:-
a. High molecular weight iodine
b. Meglumine
c. Gadolinium
d. Low molecular weight iodine
C)gadolinium
During an ultrasound examination, gel is placed on the animal’s skin to:-
a. Clean the skin
b. Stop the transducer head from overheating
c. Act as a coupling medium
d. Enable the transducer to move smoothly
C)act as a coupling medium
If the kilovoltage is increased by 10 the mAs should be:-
a. Doubled
b. Halved
c. Reduced by 20
d. Reduced by 10
B)halved
If the mA is set at 50 and the exposure time is 0.5 second, the mAs will be:-
a. 25
b. 100
c. 250
d. 55
A)25
More scattered radiation will be produced when using a:-
a. Low kV
b. Low mAs
c. High mAs
d. High kV
D)high kV
Scintigraphy primarily gives information relating to:-
a. Anatomy
b. Fetal development
c. Genetic make-up
d. Organ and tissue function
D)organ and tissue function
The anatomical structure that will exhibit the highest subject contrast is the:-
a. Bladder
b. Heart
c. Femur
d. Lung
D)lung
The mechanism designed to blur out grid lines on a radiograph is the:-
a. Line focus
b. Rare earth intensifying screens
c. Potter-Bucky device
d. Rotating anode
C)potter bucky device
The part of a patient’s body you should position on the cassette to view the olecranon process is the:-
a. Hock
b. Elbow
c. Hip
d. Stifle
B)elbow
The radiographic quality of the X-ray beam is determined by the:-
a. Heat of the filament
b. Milliamperage
c. Kilovoltage
d. Thickness of tissue
C)kilovoltage
The tissue that cannot be imaged by ultrasound is:-
a. Fat
b. Muscle
c. Bone
d. Blood
C)bone
The two factors that control the quantity of X-rays produced in the primary beam are:-
a. kV and mA
b. kV and time
c. mA and time
d. mA and line focus
C)mA and time
The ultrasound transducer that provides the largest field of view is a:-
a. Window transducer
b. Longitudinal transducer
c. Sector transducer
d. Linear transducer
C)sector transducer
To reduce radiographic contrast the exposure factors should be changed by:-
a. Decreasing the mAs
b. Decreasing the kV
c. Increasing the kV
d. Increasing the mAs
C)increasing the kV
When taking a radiograph the FFD is set at 75 cm and the mAs is 10. If the FFD is increased to 150 cm the new mAs should be set at:-
a. 5
b. 20
c. 40
d. 80
C)40
100 mA is equal to:-
a. 0.1 ampere
b. 0.001 ampere
c. 1.0 ampere
d. 0.01 ampere
A)0.1 ampere
A completely black radiograph will have been:-
a. Exposed to radiation but not processed
b. Not exposed to radiation and processed
c. Exposed to radiation and processed
d. Not exposed to radiation and not processed
C)exposed to radiation and processed
A grid that has progressively diverging lead slats is called a:-
a. Psuedo-focused grid
b. Potter-Bucky diaphragm
c. Linear grid
d. Focused grid
D)focused grid
Magnetic resonance imaging uses:-
a. Radio and gamma rays
b. High energy X-rays
c. Microwaves
d. Electromagnetic and radio waves
D)electromagnetic and radio waves
A radiograph was taken using an mAs of 8. If a grid with a grid factor of 2.5 is used, the mAs should be changed to:-
a. 10.5
b. 3
c. 20
d. 16
C)20
A view of the greater trochanter would be shown on a radiograph of the:-
a. Radius
b. Femur
c. Scapula
d. Humerus
B)femur
Barium sulphate may be used as a contrast agent in the:-
a. Bladder
b. Spine
c. Joint space
d. Small intestine
D)small intestine
Calcium tungstate intensifying screens emit:-
a. Blue light and are called monochromatic
b. Green light and are called monochromatic
c. Green light and are called orthochromatic
d. Blue light and are called orthochromatic
A)blue light and are called monochromatic
Collimation of the primary beam will reduce the effects of:-
a. Movement blur
b. Definition
c. Scattered radiation
d. Overexposure
C)scattered radiation
In relation to diagnostic imaging, the terms T1 and T2 weighted refer specifically to:-
a. MRI
b. Scintigraphy
c. CT
d. Fluoroscop
A)mri
If an X-ray machine is set with a time of 0.2 second and an mAs of 12, the mA setting will be:-
a. 6
b. 240
c. 24
d. 60
D)60
If an mAs of 1.5 has an mA setting of 30, the exposure time is:-
a. 0.03 second
b. 0.005 second
c. 0.05 second
d. 0.3 second
C)0.05 second
Increasing the film-focal distance will:-
a. Reduce radiographic sharpness but require a higher mAs
b. Improve radiographic sharpness but require a higher mAs
c. Reduce radiographic sharpness and require a lower mAs
d. Improve radiographic sharpness and require a lower mAs
B)improve radiographic sharpness but require a higher mAs
Increasing the mAs will produce:-
a. More X-ray photons with less penetrating power
b. More X-ray photons with the same penetrating power
c. Fewer X-ray photons with more penetrating power
d. More X-ray photons with more penetrating power
B)more x-ray photons with the same penetrating power
Positive contrast agents have a:-
a. High atomic number and are radio-opaque
b. Low atomic number and are radio-opaque
c. High atomic number and are radiolucent
d. Low atomic number and are radiolucent
A)high atomic number and are radio opaque
The calcaneus would be seen on a radiograph of the:-
a. Stifle
b. Shoulder
c. Pelvis
d. Hock
D)hock
The percentage of energy converted to X-rays when electrons strike the anode is:-
a. 1%
b. 50%
c. 20%
d. 99%
A)1%
The positioning aid that should NOT be used when positioning a conscious patient is a:-
a. Trough
b. Foam wedge
c. Rope tie
d. Sandbag
C)rope tie
The primary purpose of the aluminium filter in the X-ray tube head is to:-
a. Eliminate long wavelength photons
b. Reduce scattered radiation
c. Increase definition
d. Reduce exposure time
A)eliminate long wavelength photons
The type of grid that moves beneath the X-ray table top is a:-
a. Focused grid
b. Potter-Bucky grid
c. Parallel grid
d. Pseudo-focused grid
B)potter bucky grid
The diagnostic imaging technique that requires an image plate to capture the image is:-
a. Analogue radiography
b. Magnetic resonance imaging
c. Computed radiography
d. Computed tomography
C)computed radiography
A cat that is to undergo bilateral rhinoscopy should be positioned in:-
a. Right lateral recumbency
b. Dorsal recumbency
c. Left lateral recumbency
d. Sternal recumbency
D)sternal recumbency
When the kV is increased, the primary beam is of:-
a. Lower frequency and shorter wavelength
b. Lower frequency and longer wavelength
c. Higher frequency and longer wavelength
d. Higher frequency and shorter wavelength
D)higher frequency and shorter wavelength
A dog that is to undergo colonoscopy should be positioned in:-
a. Dorsal recumbency
b. Left lateral recumbency
c. Right lateral recumbency
d. Sternal recumbency
B)left lateral recumbency
A dog positioned for a dorsoplantar view of his paw would have his:-
a. Front paw on the cassette with his pads in closest contact with the film
b. Hind paw on the cassette with his pads in closest contact with the film
c. Hind paw on the cassette with the top of his foot in closest contact with the film
d. Front paw on the cassette with the top of his foot in closest contact with the film
B)hind paw on the cassette with his pads in closest contact with the film
A dorsoventral view of the abdomen requires the patient to be positioned on its:-
a. Right lateral side
b. Left lateral side
c. Back
d. Sternum
D)sternum
A grid is recommended for use with body parts that have a minimum thickness of:-
a. 5 cm
b. 20 cm
c. 10 cm
d. 25 cm
C)10cm
A radiograph with an image that is blurred has poor:-
a. Contrast
b. Density
c. Resolution
d. Definition
D)definition
To confirm volvulus in a dog suspected of having a GDV, the abdomen should be radiographed with the dog in:-
a. Right lateral recumbency
b. Dorsal recumbency
c. Left lateral recumbency
d. Ventral recumbency
A)right lateral recumbency
An abnormality of the glenoid cavity would be demonstrated on a radiograph of the:-
a. Carpus
b. Scapula
c. Pelvis
d. Skull
B)scapula
Back-scatter can be prevented by:-
a. Using a focused grid
b. Collimation of the primary beam
c. Placing a lead sheet beneath the cassette
d. The use of a compression band
C)placing a lead sheet beneath the cassette
The imaging technique that will give the most accurate definition of the brain is:-
a. Computed radiography
b. Magnetic resonance imaging
c. Computed tomography
d. Fluoroscopy
B)magnetic resonance imaging
Erythema as a result of exposure to radiation is an example of a:-
a. Genetic effect
b. Somatic effect
c. Carcinogenic effect
d. Teratogenic effect
B)somatic effect
The technique that is preferred for imaging thoracic masses, as it is less susceptible to movement artefacts, is:-
a. Computed radiography
b. Computed tomography
c. Magnetic resonance imaging
d. Digital radiography
B)computed tomography
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease would be demonstrated on a radiograph of the:-
a. Hip joint
b. Stifle joint
c. Elbow joint
d. Cervical vertebrae
A)hip joint
Portal venography is used to visualise the:-
a. Bladder
b. Heart
c. Small intestine
d. Liver
D)liver
The imaging modality that uses piezoelectric energy is:-
a. Fluoroscopy
b. Doppler ultrasound
c. Computed tomography
d. Magnetic resonance imaging
B)doppler ultrasound
The most suitable contrast agent for use in the intact small intestine is:-
a. Barium sulphate
b. Iodine
c. Air
d. Carbon dioxide
A)barium sulphate
The statement concerning radiation safety that is true is:-
a. Lead protective clothing should be radiographed regularly to check for cracks
b. Radiation monitoring badges should be worn inside the lead apron
c. A radiographer’s hands may be in the primary beam as long as they are protected by lead gloves
d. Lead aprons should be neatly folded when not in use
A)lead protective clothing should be radiographed regularly to check for cracks
When manual processing X-ray film, the wattage of a safelight bulb should not exceed:-
a. 40 Watts
b. 15 Watts
c. 20 Watts
d. 10 Watts
B)15 watts
When using a grid the mAs should be multiplied by the grid:-
a. Size
b. Focus
c. Ratio
d. Factor
D)factor
If a small proportion of sound waves are reflected back to the ultrasound transducer, they are said to be:-
a. Hypoechoic
b. Isoechoic
c. Hyperechoic
d. Anechoic
A)hypoechoic
The most suitable imaging technique to perform when 3-D information about the anconeal process is required is:
a. Computed tomography
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Ultrasonography
d. Analogue radiography
A)computed tomography
The statement relating to digital radiography that is true is:-
a) A special X-ray machine is needed to take digital images
b) The digital image cannot be printed
c) An special imaging plate is needed to capture the image
d) Manipulation of the resultant image is not possible
A)a special x-ray machine is needed to take digital images
A long-term effect of exposure to radiation is:-
a. Nausea
b. Fever
c. Diarrhoea
d. Carcinogenesis
D)carcinogenesis
A positive contrast cystogram describes a radiograph of the:-
a. Bladder using air as contrast medium
b. Urethra using air as contrast medium
c. Bladder using iodine as contrast medium
d. Urethra using iodine as contrast medium
C)bladder using iodine as contrast medium
A radiograph taken of the limb extremities in abduction means that the limb is:-
a. Rotated internally
b. Moved towards the midline of the body
c. Drawn away from the midline of the body
d. Fixed in its normal position
C)drawn away from the midline of the body
Gonadal exposure to radiation should be minimised to prevent:-
a. Somatic effects
b. Genetic effects
c. Cataracts
d. Erythema
B)genetic effects
Lithium fluoride crystals are found in:-
a. Intensifying screens
b. Radiographic emulsion
c. Fixer solution
d. Thermoluminescent dosimeters
D)thermoluminescent dosimeters
Radiographic definition is directly influenced by the:-
a. Wavelength of X-rays
b. Object-film distance
c. Tissue opacity
d. mAs
B)object film distance
The body tissues which are most radiosensitive are:-
a. Muscular organs
b. Solid visceral organs
c. Central nervous system organs
d. Blood-forming organs
D)blood forming organs
The cathode of the X-ray machine is:-
a. Positively charged
b. Negatively charged
c. Angled at 20 degrees
d. Neutral
B)negatively charged
Developer solution:-
a. Converts unexposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
b. Removes unexposed silver halide from the film
c. Converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
d. Removes exposed silver halide from the film
C)converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver
The exposure factor that controls the penetrating power of the X-ray beam is the:-
a. Time
b. Milliamperage
c. Line voltage
d. Kilovoltage
D)kilovoltage
The invisible image produced in the film emulsion by exposure to radiation or light is called the:-
a. Manifest image
b. Photographic image
c. Radiologic image
d. Latent image
D)latent image
The mA primarily affects the:-
a. Wavelength of the X-rays
b. Penetrating power of the X-rays
c. Blackness of the radiograph
d. Radiographic contrast
C)blackness of the radiograph
The metal used for the target of the X-ray machine is:-
a. Lead
b. Tungsten
c. Copper
d. Aluminium
B)tungsten
The Radiation Protection Supervisor is a person:-
a. With experience and a degree in radiology but who does not work at the practice
b. Who tests the X-ray monitoring badges
c. Designated to take X-rays
d. Within the practice responsible for safe radiographic procedures
D)within the practice responsible for safe radiographic procedures
Exposure to radiation is measured in a dosemeter in:-
a. Millirems
b. Millisieverts
c. Milligrays
d. Millirads
B)millisieverts
When performing CT imaging, the ‘scout’ is the name given to the:-
a. Individual slice within each scan
b. Series of scans produced
c. Initial scan that plans positioning
d. Scan of the tissues adjacent to the area of interest
C)initial scan that plans positioning
When the filament of the cathode is heated:-
a. Atoms are emitted
b. Neutrons are emitted
c. X-rays are emitted
d. Electrons are emitted
D)electrons are emitted
When the size of the focal spot is decreased:-
a. Penumbra will decrease
b. Penetrating power increases
c. The inverse square law should be applied
d. Density will double
A)penumbra will decrease
When the X-ray machine is ‘prepared’ prior to exposure:-
a. The filament heats up and the anode rotates
b. Electrons bombard the target
c. X-rays are emitted from the tube head
d. A high kilovoltage is passed from cathode to anode
A)the filament heats up and the anode rotates
A radiograph demonstrating a complete lack of penumbra is described as being:-
a. Magnified
b. Low in density
c. Sharp in detail
d. Distorted
C)sharp in detail
A radiograph of the thorax should be taken:-
a. On full expiration
b. On full inspiration
c. Using the longest exposure time possible
d. Using the slowest speed film and screen combination
B)on full inspiration
A radiograph taken of the shoulder joint, using contrast medium, is an example of:-
a. Angiography
b. Urethrography
c. Arthrography
d. Myelography
C)arthrography
A radiograph taken using an mAs of 8 with the mA set at 50 will use an exposure time of:-
a. 0.16 second
b. 0.32 second
c. 0.58 second
d. 0.62 second
A)0.16 second
On ultrasound examination, fluid within the urinary bladder is described as being:-
a. Isoechoic
b. Hyperechoic
c. Anechoic
d. Hypoechoic
C)anechoic
A radiographic view of the scapula would include the:-
a. Transverse process
b. Anconeal process
c. Acromion process
d. Coronoid process
C)acromion process
Computer aided tomography is carried out using:-
a. Magnetic waves
b. Radio waves
c. X-rays
d. Gamma rays
C)x-rays
An intravenous contrast agent commonly used in MRI studies is:-
a. Low molecular weight iodine
b. High molecular weight iodine
c. Meglumine
d. Gadolinium
D)gadolinium
During an ultrasound examination, gel is placed on the animal’s skin to:-
a. Clean the skin
b. Enable the transducer to move smoothly
c. Stop the transducer head from overheating
d. Act as a coupling medium
D)act as a coupling medium
If the kilovoltage is increased by 10 the mAs should be:-
a. Halved
b. Reduced by 20
c. Reduced by 10
d. Doubled
A)halved
If the mA is set at 50 and the exposure time is 0.5 second, the mAs will be:-
a. 55
b. 100
c. 25
d. 250
C)25
More scattered radiation will be produced when using a:-
a. High kV
b. High mAs
c. Low mAs
d. Low kV
A)high kV
Scintigraphy primarily gives information relating to:-
a. Genetic make-up
b. Organ and tissue function
c. Foetal development
d. Anatomy
B)organ and tissue function
The anatomical structure that will exhibit the highest subject contrast is the:-
a. Femur
b. Heart
c. Bladder
d. Lung
D)lung
The mechanism designed to blur out grid lines on a radiograph is the:-
a. Rotating anode
b. Potter-Bucky device
c. Line focus
d. Rare earth intensifying screens
B)potter bucky device
The part of a patient’s body you should position on the cassette to view the olecranon process is the:-
a. Stifle
b. Hock
c. Elbow
d. Hip
C)elbow
The radiographic quality of the X-ray beam is determined by the:-
a. Heat of the filament
b. Kilovoltage
c. Milliamperage
d. Thickness of tissue
C)millamperage
The tissue that cannot be imaged by ultrasound is:-
a. Muscle
b. Bone
c. Fat
d. Blood
B)bone
The two factors that control the quantity of X-rays produced in the primary beam are:-
a. kV and time
b. mA and time
c. kV and mA
d. mA and line fo
B)mA and time
The ultrasound transducer that provides the largest field of view is a:-
a. Sector transducer
b. Linear transducer
c. Window transducer
d. Longitudinal transducer
A)sector transducer
To reduce radiographic contrast the exposure factors should be changed by:-
a. Decreasing the kV
b. Increasing the mAs
c. Increasing the kV
d. Decreasing the mAs
C)increasing the kV
When taking a radiograph the FFD is set at 75 cm and the mAs is 10. If the FFD is increased to 150 cm the new mAs should be set at:-
a. 80
b. 20
c. 40
d. 5
C)40
100 mA is equal to:-
a. 1.0 ampere
b. 0.01 ampere
c. 0.001 ampere
d. 0.1 ampere
D)0.2ampere
A completely black radiograph will have been:-
a. Exposed to radiation and processed
b. Not exposed to radiation and not processed
c. Exposed to radiation but not processed
d. Not exposed to radiation and processed
A)exposed to radiation and processed
A grid that has progressively diverging lead slats is called a:-
a. Psuedo-focused grid
b. Potter-Bucky diaphragm
c. Linear grid
d. Focused grid
D)focused grid
Magnetic resonance imaging uses:-
a. Radio and gamma rays
b. Electromagnetic and radio waves
c. High energy X-rays
d. Microwaves
B)electromagnetic and radio waves
A radiograph was taken using an mAs of 8. If a grid with a grid factor of 2.5 is used, the mAs should be changed to:-
a. 10.5
b. 20
c. 3
d. 16
B)20
A view of the greater trochanter would be shown on a radiograph of the:-
a. Scapula
b. Femur
c. Radius
d. Humerus
B)femur
Barium sulphate may be used as a contrast agent in the:-
a. Joint space
b. Bladder
c. Spine
d. Small intestine
D)small intestine
Calcium tungstate intensifying screens emit:-
a. Blue light and are called monochromatic
b. Green light and are called monochromatic
c. Blue light and are called orthochromatic
d. Green light and are called orthochromatic
A)blue light and are called monochromatic
Collimation of the primary beam will reduce the effects of:-
a. Overexposure
b. Movement blur
c. Scattered radiation
d. Definition
C)scattered radiation
In relation to diagnostic imaging, the terms T1 and T2 weighted refer specifically to:-
a. CT
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Scintigraphy
d. MRI
D)mri
If an X-ray machine is set with a time of 0.2 second and an mAs of 12, the mA setting will be:-
a. 6
b. 24
c. 240
d. 60
D)60
If an mAs of 1.5 has an mA setting of 30, the exposure time is:-
a. 0.05 second
b. 0.3 second
c. 0.03 second
d. 0.005 second
A)0.05 second
Increasing the film-focal distance will:-
a. Reduce radiographic sharpness and require a lower mAs
b. Improve radiographic sharpness and require a lower mAs
c. Reduce radiographic sharpness but require a higher mAs
d. Improve radiographic sharpness but require a higher mAs
C)reduce radiographic sharpness but require a higher mAs
Increasing the mAs will produce:-
a. More X-ray photons with more penetrating power
b. More X-ray photons with less penetrating power
c. More X-ray photons with the same penetrating power
d. Fewer X-ray photons with more penetrating power
C)more x-ray photons with the same penetrating power
Positive contrast agents have a:-
a. High atomic number and are radiolucent
b. High atomic number and are radio-opaque
c. Low atomic number and are radio-opaque
d. Low atomic number and are radiolucent
B)high atomic number and are radio opaque
The calcaneus would be seen on a radiograph of the:-
a. Hock
b. Shoulder
c. Stifle
d. Pelvis
A)hock
The percentage of energy converted to X-rays when electrons strike the anode is:-
a. 50%
b. 99%
c. 1%
d. 20%
B)99%
The positioning aid that should NOT be used when positioning a conscious patient is a:-
a. Foam wedge
b. Sandbag
c. Trough
d. Rope tie
D)rope tie
The primary purpose of the aluminium filter in the X-ray tube head is to:-
a. Increase definition
b. Eliminate long wavelength photons
c. Reduce exposure time
d. Reduce scattered radiation
B)eliminate long wavelength photons
The type of grid that moves beneath the X-ray table top is a:-
a. Pseudo-focused grid
b. Potter-Bucky grid
c. Parallel grid
d. Focused grid
B)potter bucky grid
The diagnostic imaging technique that requires an image plate to capture the image is:-
a. Computed tomography
b. Magnetic resonance imaging
c. Analogue radiography
d. Computed radiography
A)computed tomography
A cat that is to undergo bilateral rhinoscopy should be positioned in:-
a. Sternal recumbency
b. Right lateral recumbency
c. Left lateral recumbency
d. Dorsal recumbency
A)sternal recumbency
When the kV is increased, the primary beam is of:-
a. Higher frequency and shorter wavelength
b. Higher frequency and longer wavelength
c. Lower frequency and shorter wavelength
d. Lower frequency and longer wavelength
A)higher frequency and shorter wavelength
A dog that is to undergo colonoscopy should be positioned in:-
a. Sternal recumbency
b. Right lateral recumbency
c. Left lateral recumbency
d. Dorsal recumbency
C)left lateral recumbency
A dog positioned for a dorsoplantar view of his paw would have his:-
a. Hind paw on the cassette with his pads in closest contact with the film
b. Front paw on the cassette with his pads in closest contact with the film
c. Front paw on the cassette with the top of his foot in closest contact with the film
d. Hind paw on the cassette with the top of his foot in closest contact with the film
B)front paw on the cassette with his pads in closest contact with the film
A dorsoventral view of the abdomen requires the patient to be positioned on its:-
a. Left lateral side
b. Right lateral side
c. Back
d. Sternum
D)sternum
A grid is recommended for use with body parts that have a minimum thickness of:-
a. 10 cm
b. 20 cm
c. 5 cm
d. 25 cm
A)10cm
A radiograph with an image that is blurred has poor:-
a. Definition
b. Resolution
c. Contrast
d. Density
A)definition
To confirm volvulus in a dog suspected of having a GDV, the abdomen should be radiographed with the dog in:-
a. Dorsal recumbency
b. Left lateral recumbency
c. Ventral recumbency
d. Right lateral recumbency
D)right lateral recumbency
An abnormality of the glenoid cavity would be demonstrated on a radiograph of the:-
a. Pelvis
b. Carpus
c. Skull
d. Scapula
D)scapula
Back-scatter can be prevented by:-
a. Placing a lead sheet beneath the cassette
b. The use of a compression band
c. Collimation of the primary beam
d. Using a focused grid
A)placing a lead sheet beneath the cassette
The imaging technique that will give the most accurate definition of the brain is:-
a. Magnetic resonance imaging
b. Computed radiography
c. Computed tomography
d. Fluoroscopy
A)magnetic resonance imaging
Erythema as a result of exposure to radiation is an example of a:-
a. Teratogenic effect
b. Somatic effect
c. Carcinogenic effect
d. Genetic effect
B)somatic effect
The technique that is preferred for imaging thoracic masses, as it is less susceptible to movement artefacts, is:-
a. Computed tomography
b. Computed radiography
c. Digital radiography
d. Magnetic resonance imagin
A)computed tomography
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease would be demonstrated on a radiograph of the:-
a. Cervical vertebrae
b. Elbow joint
c. Stifle joint
d. Hip joint
D)hip joint
Portal venography is used to visualise the:-
a. Small intestine
b. Heart
c. Bladder
d. Liver
D)liver
The imaging modality that uses piezoelectric energy is:-
a. Computed tomography
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Magnetic resonance imaging
d. Doppler ultrasound
D)doppler ultrasound
The most suitable contrast agent for use in the intact small intestine is:-
a. Air
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Iodine
d. Barium sulphate
D)barium sulphate
The statement concerning radiation safety that is true is:-
a. A radiographer’s hands may be in the primary beam as long as they are protected by lead gloves
b. Lead aprons should be neatly folded when not in use
c. Radiation monitoring badges should be worn inside the lead apron
d. Lead protective clothing should be radiographed regularly to check for cracks
C)radiation monitoring badges should be worn inside the lead apron
When manual processing X-ray film, the wattage of a safelight bulb should not exceed:-
a. 40 Watts
b. 10 Watts
c. 20 Watts
d. 15 Watts
D)15watts
When using a grid the mAs should be multiplied by the grid:-
a. Factor
b. Size
c. Focus
d. Ratio
A)factor
If a small proportion of sound waves are reflected back to the ultrasound transducer, they are said to be:-
a. Hypoechoic
b. Hyperechoic
c. Anechoic
d. Isoechoic
A)hypoechoic
The most suitable imaging technique to perform when 3-D information about the anconeal process is required is:
a. Computed tomography
b. Ultrasonography
c. Analogue radiography
d. Fluoroscopy
A)computed tomography
A radiograph requires an exposure of 20mAs when taken at a film focal distance of 90cm without a grid. What exposure will be required if a grid with a grid factor of 4 is used?
a) 20mAs
b) 40mAs
c) 80mAs
d) 5mAs
C)80mAs
Name the two major components of an x-ray film emulsion:
a) Gelatin and silver halides
b) Gelatin and silver ions
c) Silver ions and silver halides
d) Gelatin and silver oxide
A)gelatin and silver halides
Which of the following contrast techniques would you use to determine the possibility of a disc protrusion?
a) sialography
b) myelography
c) cystography
d) arthrography
B)myelography
What position should a dog be placed in following a myelogram?
a) Normal recovery position
b) Elevating head about 30 degrees
c) Lowering the head below the level of the body
d) Any of the above
B)elevating head about 30 degrees
The person within the practice who is responsible for implementing the local rules for radiography is known as the:
a) Radiation Protection Officer
b) Radiation Protection Adviser
c) Radiation Protection Supervisor
d) Radiation Protection Administrator
C)radiation protection supervisor
By which of the following techniques could you reduce radiation hazards by the greatest amount?
a) increasing the kV
b) reducing film/focal distance
c) use of a grid
d) use of rare earth screens
D)use of rare earth screens
Which of the following items of equipment will reduce the risk of exposure to the primary beam?
a) protective clothing
b) aluminium filter over the tube window
c) light beam diaphragm
d) rare earth screens
C)light beam diaphragm
Which of the following will decrease the amount of scattered radiation reaching the film?
a) increasing the kV
b) reducing exposure time increasing mA
c) Increasing the film/focal distance
d) reducing the size of the primary beam
D)reducing the size of the primary beam
Which of the following affect radiographic contrast?
a) kV
b) mAs
c) use of a grid
d) all of the above
D)all of the above
Which of the following procedures will help to improve the definition of an x-ray image by the greatest amount?
a) use of non-screen film
b) decreasing film/focal distance
c) increasing flm/focal distance
d) increasing the kV
A)use of non screen film
An x-ray film that you have processed is too dark. How would you correct this error?
a) Increasing development time
b) Increasing the kV
c) Reducing exposure time
d) Reducing film/focal distance
C)reducing exposure time
A processed film is very grey with poor contrast between the image and the background. What could be the cause?
a) kV too high
b) film fogged by radiation
c) exhausted developer
d) developer temperature too high
C)exhausted developer
A radiograph of an anaesthetised animal is blurred. What might be the cause?
a) Exhausted developer
b) inadequate fixing
c) poor screen/film contact
d) under exposure
C)poor screen/film contact
Which one of the following will not produce a white artefact on a finished radiograph?
a) developer splash
b) specks of dirt
c) fixer splash
d) coin
B)specks of dirt
What mark or artefact would insufficient washing after fixation leave on a finished radiograph?
a) white spots
b) dark spots
c) yellow stains
d) cloudy appearance
C)yellow stains
