Big Idea 5 - Impact of Computing

Question 1

Bias in Algorithms

Answer 1

Refers to systematic errors or unfairness present in computer programs or algorithms due to human biases or flawed data inputs. These biases can result in discriminatory outcomes or perpetuate existing inequalities.

Question 2

Citizen Science

Answer 2

Refers to the involvement of ordinary people in scientific research and data collection. It allows individuals without formal scientific training to contribute to scientific projects and make meaningful contributions to research.

Question 3

Computing Innovation

Answer 3

Refers to the creation and development of new technologies, systems, or applications that improve or revolutionize the way we use computers. It involves introducing novel ideas, methods, or solutions to address problems or enhance existing processes.

Question 4

Copyright

Answer 4

A legal protection granted to the creators of original works (such as books, music, art) that prevents others from copying, distributing, or using their work without permission. It gives creators exclusive rights over their creations for a specific period.

Question 5

Creative Commons

Answer 5

A licensing system that allows creators to share their work with specific permissions for others to use, remix, or distribute it. It provides a way for creators to grant certain rights while still retaining some control over their work.

Question 6

Cross-Purpose Technology

Answer 6

Refers to the use of a single technology or tool for multiple purposes, often in different contexts or industries. It allows for versatility and efficiency by adapting existing technologies to meet various needs.

Question 7

Crowdsourcing

Answer 7

The practice of obtaining ideas, services, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, typically through an online platform. It harnesses the collective intelligence and skills of a crowd to solve problems or generate innovative solutions.

Question 8

Data mining

Answer 8

Involves extracting useful patterns or knowledge from large datasets using techniques such as statistical analysis, machine learning, and pattern recognition.

Question 9

Digital divide

Answer 9

Refers to the gap between individuals or communities who have access to and can effectively use digital technologies, such as computers and the internet, and those who do not.

Question 10

Intellectual Property

Answer 10

Refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, artistic works, designs, symbols, and names that are protected by law.

Question 11

Internet Access

Answer 11

Refers to the ability to connect to and use the internet. It allows individuals to browse websites, send emails, stream videos, and engage in various online activities.

Question 12

Keylogging Technology

Answer 12

Refers to software or hardware that records keystrokes made on a computer or mobile device without the user’s knowledge or consent. It can be used for various purposes, including monitoring user activity, capturing sensitive information such as passwords, and conducting surveillance.

Question 13

Machine learning

Answer 13

A branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data and improve their performance without being explicitly programmed.

Question 14

Malware

Answer 14

Refers to malicious software designed with the intent to harm computers, networks, or users by disrupting operations, stealing sensitive information, or gaining unauthorized access.

Question 15

Multifactor Authentication

Answer 15

A security measure that requires users to provide two or more different types of identification in order to access a system or application. It adds an extra layer of protection by combining something the user knows (like a password) with something they have (like a fingerprint) or something they are (like facial recognition).

Question 16

Open Access

Answer 16

Refers to unrestricted online access to scholarly research articles. It allows anyone with internet access to read, download, copy, distribute, print, or use the articles for any lawful purpose without financial, legal, or technical barriers.

Question 17

Open Source

Answer 17

Refers to software whose source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. It encourages collaboration and community-driven development.

Question 18

Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

Answer 18

Refers to any data that can be used alone or in combination with other information to identify an individual. It includes details like name, address, social security number, or email address.

Question 19

Phishing

Answer 19

An attempt by cybercriminals to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or social security numbers by posing as trustworthy entities through emails, messages, or websites.

Question 20

Plagiarism

Answer 20

The act of using someone else’s words, ideas, or creations without giving them proper credit. It involves presenting someone else’s work as your own.

Question 21

Private Key

Answer 21

A cryptographic key that is kept secret and used to decrypt encrypted data or create digital signatures. It is unique to an individual or entity and should be securely stored.

Question 22

Public Key

Answer 22

In cryptography, this is part of an asymmetric cryptographic system used for encrypting data. It can be freely shared with others without compromising security since it cannot be used alone to decrypt the encrypted data.

Question 23

Public Key Encryption

Answer 23

A cryptographic method that uses two different keys - a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. It allows secure communication between two parties without the need to share their private keys.

Question 24

Societal Changes

Answer 24

Refer to shifts in social norms, behaviors, values, attitudes, or structures within a community or society as a result of various factors such as technological advancements or cultural influences.

Question 25

Symmetric key encryption

Answer 25

A method of encryption where the same key is used for both the encryption and decryption processes. It is like having a single key to lock and unlock a door.

Question 26

Targeted advertising

Answer 26

Refers to the practice of delivering personalized advertisements to specific individuals or groups based on their demographics, interests, or online behavior.

Question 27

Trust Model

Answer 27

A framework or system that determines how entities establish and maintain trust in a networked environment. It defines the rules, protocols, and mechanisms for verifying identities and ensuring secure communication.

Question 28

Unforeseen Consequences

Answer 28

Refer to unexpected outcomes or results that occur as a result of an action or decision. These consequences may be positive or negative and can have unintended impacts on various aspects such as technology adoption, society, or the environment.

Question 29

Virus

Answer 29

In computing, this is a type of malicious software (malware) that replicates itself by inserting copies into other programs or files. Viruses can cause damage to computer systems, steal personal information, or disrupt normal operations.

Question 30

World Wide Web

Answer 30

An interconnected system of web pages and documents that are accessed over the internet. It allows users to navigate between different websites using hyperlinks and interact with various types of content like text, images, videos, and more.

Question 31

Worm

Answer 31

A type of malware that replicates itself and spreads across computer networks without any user intervention.

Question 32

3D printing

Answer 32

The process of creating physical objects from a digital model by adding layers of material on top of each other. It allows for the production of complex and customized objects.

Question 33

Computing Bias

Answer 33

Refers to unfair or discriminatory outcomes resulting from biased algorithms or data used in computer systems. It can perpetuate social inequalities or reinforce stereotypes.

Question 34

Legal and Ethical Concerns

Answer 34

Refer to the rules, regulations, and moral principles that govern the use of technology. It involves understanding and abiding by laws related to privacy, intellectual property, cybersecurity, and responsible computing practices.

Question 35

Safe Computing

Answer 35

Refers to practicing responsible behaviors while using computers or other devices connected to a network. It involves taking precautions against malware attacks (such as viruses), protecting personal information online (like passwords), and being aware of potential risks when browsing websites or downloading files.

Question 36

Digital Literacy Programs

Answer 36

Digital literacy programs are initiatives aimed at teaching individuals the skills needed to effectively use technology and navigate the digital world. They focus on topics such as computer basics, internet safety, online communication, and information literacy.

Question 37

Educational Access

Answer 37

Refers to the availability and opportunity for individuals to obtain a quality education, regardless of their background or circumstances. It ensures that everyone has equal access to educational resources, facilities, and opportunities.

Question 38

Equity

Answer 38

Refers to fairness and justice in providing equal opportunities and resources to all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances. It aims to address historical disadvantages and ensure that everyone has a level playing field.

Question 39

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Answer 39

An independent agency of the United States government responsible for regulating communication technologies. It oversees various areas, including radio, television, internet services, and telecommunications infrastructure.

Question 40

Financial Access

Answer 40

Refers to the ability of individuals or communities to obtain financial services such as banking, credit, loans, and insurance. It ensures that everyone has equal opportunities for economic growth and stability.

Question 41

Virtual Learning Systems

Answer 41

Online platforms or software that provide educational content and resources for students to learn remotely. They offer interactive lessons, assignments, and assessments that can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection.

Question 42

Algorithm

Answer 42

A step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a specific problem or accomplishing a task within a finite number of steps.

Question 43

Bias

Answer 43

Rrefers to the tendency of a system or process to favor certain outcomes or groups over others, often resulting in unfair or unequal treatment.

Question 44

Computing Innovations

Answer 44

Refer to new ideas, technologies, or applications that bring about significant advancements in the field of computer science.

Question 45

Criminal risk assessment tools

Answer 45

Algorithms or software programs used to evaluate the likelihood of an individual committing future criminal offenses based on various factors such as past behavior, demographics, and social environment.

Question 46

Data

Answer 46

Refers to information that is collected, stored, and processed by computers. It can be in the form of numbers, text, images, or any other type of digital content.

Question 47

Demographic Parity

Answer 47

Refers to achieving equal representation or proportional representation of different demographic groups in a particular context, such as employment or education. It aims to ensure that individuals from various backgrounds have fair and equitable opportunities.

Question 48

Equal Opportunity

Answer 48

Refers to the principle that every individual should have the same access to resources, rights, and opportunities without discrimination based on factors such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status. It promotes fairness and aims to level the playing field for everyone.

Question 49

Facial recognition systems

Answer 49

Technologies that analyze facial features from images or videos and match them against existing databases for identification purposes. They use algorithms to detect and compare unique facial patterns.

Question 50

Fairness metrics

Answer 50

Measures used to evaluate how fair or unbiased a machine learning model is in its decision-making process. They assess whether the model treats different groups of individuals equally and without discrimination.

Question 51

Machine learning models

Answer 51

Computer programs that can learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. They use statistical techniques to identify patterns in data and generalize from them.

Question 52

Recruiting algorithms

Answer 52

Machine learning models that are used by companies to automate and streamline the hiring process. These algorithms analyze applicant data and make predictions about their suitability for a job.

Question 53

Crowdfunding

Answer 53

A method of raising money for a project or venture by collecting small amounts of money from a large number of people through an online platform. It allows individuals or organizations to gather financial support for their ideas or initiatives.

Question 54

AI Art

Answer 54

A form of artistic expression created with artificial intelligence technology. It involves using algorithms and machine learning techniques to generate visual or auditory artworks that mimic human creativity.

Question 55

Echo chambers

Answer 55

Refer to online environments or social circles where individuals are exposed only to ideas, opinions, and perspectives that align with their own beliefs, reinforcing their existing views and limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints.

Question 56

Fair Use

Answer 56

A legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright owner. It provides exceptions to copyright law for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.

Question 57

First Amendment

Answer 57

Refers to the part of the United States Constitution that guarantees the freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition. It protects individuals’ rights to express themselves and their opinions without government interference.

Question 58

Misinformation

Answer 58

Refers to false or inaccurate information that is spread unintentionally or deliberately, often through various media channels.

Question 59

Moral Rights

Answer 59

Refer to the legal rights that creators have over their work, which include the right to be recognized as the author and the right to protect the integrity of their work.

Question 60

Open sourcing

Answer 60

Refers to making source code available to the public so that anyone can view, modify, or distribute it. It promotes collaboration and transparency in software development.

Question 61

Adware

Answer 61

Software that displays unwanted advertisements on a user’s device without their consent. It often comes bundled with free applications and can slow down the device’s performance.

Question 62

Authentication

Answer 62

The process of verifying the identity of a user or device attempting to access a system or network. It ensures that only authorized individuals or devices can gain access by using credentials such as usernames, passwords, biometrics, or digital certificates.

Question 63

Backups

Answer 63

Refer to making copies of important files or data in case the original is lost, damaged, or corrupted. It is a preventive measure taken to ensure data recovery in the event of accidental deletion, hardware failure, or other unforeseen circumstances.

Question 64

Biometric Data

Answer 64

Refers to unique physical or behavioral characteristics of an individual that can be used for identification purposes, such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans.

Question 65

Browsing History

Answer 65

Refers to a record of web pages visited by a user on a particular device. It includes information such as URLs, timestamps, and page titles.

Question 66

Cookies

Answer 66

Small text files that websites store on a user’s computer or device. They are used to remember user preferences and track website activity.

Question 67

Data Breach

Answer 67

Occurs when unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive or confidential information stored in a computer system or network without permission.

Question 68

Firewalls

Answer 68

Security systems that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. They act as a barrier between a trusted internal network and an untrusted external network, protecting against unauthorized access and potential threats.

Question 69

Internet Connection Security

Answer 69

Refers to measures taken to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data transmitted over the internet. It involves implementing various security protocols, encryption techniques, and access controls to safeguard information from unauthorized access or interception.

Question 70

IP Address

Answer 70

A unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network. It serves as an identifier for devices to communicate with each other over the internet.

Question 71

Keylogging

Answer 71

Refers to the act of recording or monitoring keystrokes on a computer or device without the user’s knowledge or consent. It is often used as a malicious technique to capture sensitive information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal messages.

Question 72

Personal Data

Answer 72

Refers to any information that can be used to identify an individual, such as their name, address, phone number, or social security number. It also includes sensitive information like medical records and financial details.

Question 73

Ransomware

Answer 73

A type of malicious software that encrypts files on a computer or network, making them inaccessible until a ransom is paid to the attacker.

Question 74

Rogue Access Point

Answer 74

An unauthorized wireless access point that has been installed on a network without proper authorization. It poses security risks by allowing attackers to intercept network traffic and potentially gain unauthorized access to sensitive information.

Question 75

Software Updates

Answer 75

Refer to patches or new versions released by software developers to fix bugs, improve functionality, enhance security, or add new features to existing software applications.

Question 76

Strong Password

Answer 76

A combination of letters, numbers, and symbols that is difficult for others to guess or crack. It helps protect personal information and accounts from unauthorized access.

Question 77

Targeted Marketing

Answer 77

Refers to the practice of tailoring advertisements and promotional messages to specific individuals or groups based on their demographics, interests, or online behavior.

Question 78

Virus Scanning Software

Answer 78

Also known as antivirus software is designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious programs such as viruses, worms, trojans from computer systems. It scans files, emails, and other data for known patterns or behaviors associated with malware.